Data description

Histogram & boxplot

Histogram (2) binwidth = 1

Updates

Selected model specifications

Model results

AR(0)

Log Patent Count

0.01

us_q30

                Formula: log_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + avg_temp      
                us_q30 (2000:2020); p.value: 0.01; AR: 0      
                      
                Date: Mon Mar 27 01:28:00 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 720       
                Sample: 1 to 720       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                               coef   std.error  t-stat   p-value          
                lgdp                    -3.87183601  1.33710748 -2.8957 0.0039124 **       
                lpop                     0.89955545  0.39398348  2.2832 0.0227437 *        
                lgdp_sq                  0.14585573  0.05018996  2.9061 0.0037865 **       
                avg_temp                 0.00065794  0.01189470  0.0553 0.9559057          
                idCalifornia             0.50088495  0.59067851  0.8480 0.3967648          
                idColorado               0.53002841  0.20909064  2.5349 0.0114843 *        
                idConnecticut            1.43414851  0.25555736  5.6118 2.983e-08 ***      
                idDelaware               0.95608226  0.60180144  1.5887 0.1126219          
                idDistrictofColumbia     0.33624351  0.76191060  0.4413 0.6591331          
                idFlorida               -0.52539442  0.35851610 -1.4655 0.1432840          
                idGeorgia               -0.51307957  0.15706664 -3.2666 0.0011465 **       
                idIdaho                 -0.84594232  0.48774013 -1.7344 0.0833265 .        
                idIllinois              -0.11285844  0.27007064 -0.4179 0.6761715          
                idIndiana               -0.68870801  0.13263560 -5.1925 2.791e-07 ***      
                idIowa                  -1.01887695  0.26972181 -3.7775 0.0001732 ***      
                idKentucky              -1.32456802  0.14993158 -8.8345 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMaryland              -0.27097760  0.12527240 -2.1631 0.0309025 *        
                idMassachusetts          1.14436898  0.19928419  5.7424 1.443e-08 ***      
                idMichigan               0.32454606  0.25356614  1.2799 0.2010347          
                idMinnesota              0.42332351  0.25218214  1.6786 0.0937100 .        
                idMissouri              -0.89357751  0.10714276 -8.3401 4.557e-16 ***      
                idNevada                -0.07450347  0.31361708 -0.2376 0.8122969          
                idNewHampshire           0.06860170  0.51288212  0.1338 0.8936366          
                idNewJersey              0.10671673  0.18473910  0.5777 0.5636956          
                idNewMexico             -0.08939918  0.36092091 -0.2477 0.8044480          
                idNewYork                0.68184429  0.45498618  1.4986 0.1344694          
                idNorthCarolina          0.03190199  0.14901847  0.2141 0.8305523          
                idOhio                   0.22815965  0.23812894  0.9581 0.3383565          
                idOklahoma              -0.88526442  0.17391487 -5.0902 4.708e-07 ***      
                idOregon                 0.02521433  0.22733510  0.1109 0.9117204          
                idPennsylvania           0.19386893  0.27669203  0.7007 0.4837656          
                idRhodeIsland            0.03972407  0.55102443  0.0721 0.9425518          
                idSouthCarolina         -0.36060029  0.15071616 -2.3926 0.0170178 *        
                idTennessee             -0.80756543  0.08686121 -9.2972 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idTexas                 -0.39659094  0.44896245 -0.8833 0.3773789          
                idUtah                  -0.39655136  0.29535520 -1.3426 0.1798693          
                idVirginia              -0.15897306  0.14141229 -1.1242 0.2613575          
                idWashington             0.21116987  0.20109889  1.0501 0.2940778          
                idWisconsin             -0.05456625  0.21998479 -0.2480 0.8041787          
                time2000                20.11572953  8.55561595  2.3512 0.0190167 *        
                time2001                20.19005985  8.55877702  2.3590 0.0186243 *        
                time2002                20.32060494  8.56034145  2.3738 0.0178999 *        
                time2003                20.31869878  8.56163500  2.3732 0.0179278 *        
                time2004                20.39390407  8.56671472  2.3806 0.0175763 *        
                time2005                20.59662741  8.57092445  2.4031 0.0165412 *        
                time2006                20.77859652  8.57471957  2.4232 0.0156591 *        
                time2007                20.86689804  8.57486707  2.4335 0.0152265 *        
                time2008                20.96926702  8.57272465  2.4460 0.0147115 *        
                time2009                21.12017210  8.57011677  2.4644 0.0139861 *        
                time2010                21.14990866  8.57341970  2.4669 0.0138890 *        
                time2011                21.11065799  8.57515918  2.4618 0.0140853 *        
                time2012                21.06909229  8.57910294  2.4559 0.0143194 *        
                time2013                21.02899876  8.57468058  2.4525 0.0144545 *        
                time2014                20.72312952  8.57635345  2.4163 0.0159575 *        
                time2015                20.78538374  8.58140126  2.4221 0.0157060 *        
                time2016                20.66007197  8.58370890  2.4069 0.0163711 *        
                time2017                20.65051282  8.58398123  2.4057 0.0164240 *        
                time2018                20.70004906  8.58420323  2.4114 0.0161715 *        
                time2019                20.57446736  8.58445737  2.3967 0.0168288 *        
                iis105                  -1.06002154  0.25865890 -4.0981 4.700e-05 ***      
                iis109                  -1.49562521  0.25994939 -5.7535 1.355e-08 ***      
                iis110                  -0.84763893  0.25965870 -3.2644 0.0011553 **       
                iis111                  -0.90423160  0.25959542 -3.4832 0.0005292 ***      
                iis162                  -0.85560512  0.26086080 -3.2799 0.0010947 **       
                iis247                  -1.12455628  0.25697743 -4.3761 1.411e-05 ***      
                iis342                  -1.00830387  0.25754854 -3.9150 0.0001001 ***      
                iis379                  -0.76463630  0.26426913 -2.8934 0.0039406 **       
                iis523                   1.12083895  0.25817673  4.3414 1.646e-05 ***      
                iis524                   0.83645408  0.25871235  3.2331 0.0012873 **       
                iis601                  -0.82648775  0.25721550 -3.2132 0.0013785 **       
                iis604                  -0.89978657  0.25741507 -3.4955 0.0005059 ***      
                iis662                  -0.94621806  0.25732187 -3.6772 0.0002556 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009   -0.57366776  0.11536591 -4.9726 8.496e-07 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014      -0.78909710  0.12755601 -6.1863 1.099e-09 ***      
                fesisNevada.2010        -0.57921768  0.12607609 -4.5942 5.234e-06 ***      
                fesisNewYork.2005       -0.44748155  0.13404300 -3.3383 0.0008917 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2005   -0.60727725  0.13439005 -4.5188 7.409e-06 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008  0.78663472  0.11645607  6.7548 3.218e-11 ***      
                fesisUtah.2019          -0.84414380  0.26176973 -3.2248 0.0013250 **       
                fesisWisconsin.2014      0.42053841  0.12376524  3.3979 0.0007212 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                   Chi-sq df p-value      
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.51109  1  0.4747      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 2.23601  1  0.1348      
                                               
                SE of regression  0.24677      
                R-squared         0.94521      
                Log-lik.(n=720)  25.85228      

AR(1)

Log Patent Count

0.01

us_q30

                Formula: log_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + avg_temp      
                us_q30 (2000:2020); p.value: 0.01; AR: 1      
                      
                Date: Mon Mar 27 01:28:15 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 684       
                Sample: 1 to 684       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                    coef   std.error   t-stat   p-value          
                ar1                             0.081340    0.035478   2.2927 0.0222042 *        
                lgdp                         -447.390219  357.310383  -1.2521 0.2110106          
                lpop                          435.874080  348.363959   1.2512 0.2113392          
                lgdp_sq                        10.803967    8.614423   1.2542 0.2102591          
                avg_temp                        1.058820    0.811459   1.3048 0.1924403          
                idCalifornia                    2.054413    0.114625  17.9229 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idColorado                      0.266464    0.082171   3.2428 0.0012482 **       
                idConnecticut                   0.848909    0.111483   7.6147 1.009e-13 ***      
                idDelaware                     -0.175636    0.090387  -1.9431 0.0524582 .        
                idDistrictofColumbia           -1.384828    0.132535 -10.4488 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idFlorida                       0.346992    0.082704   4.1956 3.125e-05 ***      
                idGeorgia                      -0.270544    0.081614  -3.3149 0.0009709 ***      
                idIdaho                        -1.389499    0.096208 -14.4426 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIllinois                      0.342865    0.082872   4.1373 4.008e-05 ***      
                idIndiana                      -0.658398    0.084730  -7.7705 3.322e-14 ***      
                idIowa                         -1.454056    0.096728 -15.0324 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idKentucky                     -1.463695    0.099604 -14.6951 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMaryland                     -0.390093    0.082305  -4.7396 2.667e-06 ***      
                idMassachusetts                 0.975452    0.090781  10.7452 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                      0.582059    0.084993   6.8483 1.825e-11 ***      
                idMinnesota                     0.188779    0.081900   2.3050 0.0215011 *        
                idMissouri                     -0.908231    0.089209 -10.1810 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNevada                       -0.758430    0.098221  -7.7216 4.716e-14 ***      
                idNewHampshire                 -0.773265    0.085626  -9.0308 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewJersey                     0.239849    0.082308   2.9140 0.0036984 **       
                idNewMexico                    -0.665346    0.084411  -7.8822 1.482e-14 ***      
                idNewYork                       1.194376    0.095047  12.5662 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthCarolina                 0.253382    0.082154   3.0842 0.0021328 **       
                idOhio                          0.577968    0.085132   6.7891 2.678e-11 ***      
                idOklahoma                     -1.122293    0.091297 -12.2928 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOregon                        0.369153    0.156521   2.3585 0.0186637 *        
                idPennsylvania                  0.642510    0.085684   7.4986 2.280e-13 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                  -0.536668    0.158366  -3.3888 0.0007472 ***      
                idSouthCarolina                -0.538131    0.112359  -4.7894 2.102e-06 ***      
                idTennessee                    -0.776126    0.088216  -8.7980 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idTexas                         0.749702    0.087148   8.6026 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idUtah                         -0.857730    0.088071  -9.7391 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idVirginia                     -0.042333    0.082471  -0.5133 0.6079209          
                idWashington                    0.149391    0.081763   1.8271 0.0681687 .        
                idWisconsin                    -0.061383    0.081329  -0.7548 0.4506884          
                time2001                       64.745714   52.034503   1.2443 0.2138721          
                time2002                       61.173257   49.057242   1.2470 0.2128837          
                time2003                       61.974140   49.723308   1.2464 0.2131025          
                time2004                       60.249785   48.245674   1.2488 0.2122120          
                time2005                       58.191049   46.505691   1.2513 0.2113159          
                time2006                       52.239637   41.624553   1.2550 0.2099514          
                time2007                       47.602037   37.877995   1.2567 0.2093352          
                time2008                       39.393635   31.199127   1.2627 0.2071960          
                time2009                       19.302516   15.017601   1.2853 0.1991653          
                time2010                       17.601775   13.634790   1.2909 0.1972107          
                time2011                       17.141187   13.278143   1.2909 0.1972153          
                time2012                       13.156496   10.198605   1.2900 0.1975286          
                time2013                       11.027991    8.466880   1.3025 0.1932411          
                time2014                        4.666085    3.682181   1.2672 0.2055641          
                time2015                        2.303684    1.712806   1.3450 0.1791318          
                iis3                           -0.741274    0.257917  -2.8741 0.0041929 **       
                iis99                          -1.045690    0.271054  -3.8579 0.0001265 ***      
                iis103                         -0.917499    0.293605  -3.1249 0.0018627 **       
                iis211                          0.895940    0.258364   3.4677 0.0005617 ***      
                iis234                         -1.100727    0.257593  -4.2731 2.235e-05 ***      
                iis324                         -0.958357    0.257759  -3.7180 0.0002192 ***      
                iis360                         -0.755375    0.268353  -2.8149 0.0050372 **       
                iis573                         -0.936896    0.257777  -3.6345 0.0003020 ***      
                iis627                         -0.880522    0.257600  -3.4182 0.0006723 ***      
                iis628                         -0.939775    0.257876  -3.6443 0.0002909 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009          -0.567375    0.118338  -4.7945 2.050e-06 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014             -0.731702    0.125996  -5.8074 1.021e-08 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2008   -0.603009    0.179617  -3.3572 0.0008363 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2012    0.801562    0.174936   4.5820 5.584e-06 ***      
                fesisNevada.2012               -0.383389    0.123513  -3.1040 0.0019973 **       
                fesisOregon.2004               -0.723104    0.159274  -4.5400 6.778e-06 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2004          -0.789741    0.158988  -4.9673 8.824e-07 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008         0.758449    0.122000   6.2168 9.404e-10 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                   Chi-sq df p-value      
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.11873  1  0.7304      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 1.33436  1  0.2480      
                                               
                SE of regression  0.24716      
                R-squared         0.94406      
                Log-lik.(n=684)  21.98927      

0.05

us_q30

                Formula: log_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + avg_temp      
                us_q30 (2000:2020); p.value: 0.05; AR: 1      
                      
                Date: Mon Mar 27 01:28:11 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 684       
                Sample: 1 to 684       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                    coef   std.error   t-stat   p-value          
                ar1                             0.088222    0.032667   2.7007 0.0071189 **       
                lgdp                         -370.701911  328.280257  -1.1292 0.2592631          
                lpop                          361.675055  320.062617   1.1300 0.2589305          
                lgdp_sq                         8.925075    7.914456   1.1277 0.2599088          
                avg_temp                        0.880316    0.745450   1.1809 0.2381117          
                idCalifornia                    2.040078    0.104231  19.5726 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idColorado                      0.294310    0.074770   3.9362 9.267e-05 ***      
                idConnecticut                   0.851617    0.100480   8.4755 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDelaware                     -0.115694    0.083157  -1.3913 0.1646711          
                idDistrictofColumbia           -1.364355    0.119516 -11.4157 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idFlorida                       0.345414    0.074300   4.6489 4.122e-06 ***      
                idGeorgia                      -0.304919    0.074223  -4.1081 4.554e-05 ***      
                idIdaho                        -1.336261    0.087746 -15.2287 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIllinois                      0.341111    0.074459   4.5812 5.647e-06 ***      
                idIndiana                      -0.652452    0.076199  -8.5625 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIowa                         -1.945826    0.237293  -8.2001 1.510e-15 ***      
                idKentucky                     -1.415482    0.091420 -15.4832 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMaryland                     -0.386304    0.073915  -5.2264 2.404e-07 ***      
                idMassachusetts                 0.968963    0.081913  11.8292 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                      0.578605    0.076462   7.5672 1.476e-13 ***      
                idMinnesota                     0.438614    0.106711   4.1103 4.512e-05 ***      
                idMissouri                     -0.898013    0.080376 -11.1727 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNevada                       -0.753154    0.088289  -8.5305 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewHampshire                 -0.760436    0.078984  -9.6277 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewJersey                     0.238728    0.073926   3.2293 0.0013100 **       
                idNewMexico                    -0.503573    0.096202  -5.2345 2.304e-07 ***      
                idNewYork                       1.186169    0.085920  13.8054 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthCarolina                 0.252464    0.073779   3.4219 0.0006650 ***      
                idOhio                          0.574422    0.076593   7.4996 2.368e-13 ***      
                idOklahoma                     -1.112910    0.082373 -13.5106 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOregon                       -0.193194    0.231589  -0.8342 0.4045017          
                idPennsylvania                  0.638613    0.077113   8.2815 8.204e-16 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                  -0.533554    0.142290  -3.7498 0.0001945 ***      
                idSouthCarolina                 0.026094    0.232097   0.1124 0.9105247          
                idTennessee                    -0.770008    0.079443  -9.6926 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idTexas                         0.744963    0.078494   9.4907 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idUtah                         -0.810742    0.080356 -10.0893 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idVirginia                     -0.038397    0.074028  -0.5187 0.6041796          
                idWashington                    0.149093    0.073409   2.0310 0.0427050 *        
                idWisconsin                    -0.059982    0.072997  -0.8217 0.4115729          
                time2001                       53.518063   47.806992   1.1195 0.2633998          
                time2002                       50.549051   45.071632   1.1215 0.2625206          
                time2003                       51.222982   45.683662   1.1213 0.2626368          
                time2004                       49.834191   44.325999   1.1243 0.2613584          
                time2005                       48.186508   42.727507   1.1278 0.2598791          
                time2006                       43.280814   38.242901   1.1317 0.2582066          
                time2007                       39.485652   34.800778   1.1346 0.2569962          
                time2008                       32.689517   28.664376   1.1404 0.2545736          
                time2009                       16.055051   13.797345   1.1636 0.2450438          
                time2010                       14.614367   12.526790   1.1666 0.2438243          
                time2011                       14.242073   12.199135   1.1675 0.2434947          
                time2012                       10.921067    9.370038   1.1655 0.2442760          
                time2013                        9.155834    7.778854   1.1770 0.2396646          
                time2014                        3.831674    3.383045   1.1326 0.2578385          
                time2015                        1.899277    1.573708   1.2069 0.2279627          
                iis3                           -0.717666    0.231570  -3.0991 0.0020335 **       
                iis40                          -0.546985    0.231423  -2.3636 0.0184234 *        
                iis87                          -0.762833    0.234447  -3.2537 0.0012042 **       
                iis99                          -1.038872    0.243320  -4.2696 2.283e-05 ***      
                iis103                         -0.896661    0.263850  -3.3984 0.0007236 ***      
                iis144                          0.703624    0.231627   3.0377 0.0024891 **       
                iis153                         -0.796693    0.231953  -3.4347 0.0006349 ***      
                iis211                          0.877308    0.232425   3.7746 0.0001765 ***      
                iis229                         -0.680297    0.232605  -2.9247 0.0035807 **       
                iis234                         -1.104590    0.231685  -4.7676 2.352e-06 ***      
                iis324                         -1.001821    0.231936  -4.3194 1.836e-05 ***      
                iis360                         -1.292015    0.320139  -4.0358 6.160e-05 ***      
                iis370                         -0.696462    0.231755  -3.0052 0.0027673 **       
                iis503                         -0.560731    0.232604  -2.4107 0.0162286 *        
                iis538                          0.560620    0.233372   2.4023 0.0166026 *        
                iis551                         -0.621087    0.233285  -2.6624 0.0079716 **       
                iis568                          0.622450    0.236136   2.6360 0.0086105 **       
                iis569                          0.560564    0.237251   2.3628 0.0184639 *        
                iis573                         -0.910884    0.231413  -3.9362 9.268e-05 ***      
                iis624                         -0.734955    0.231591  -3.1735 0.0015846 **       
                iis627                         -0.899508    0.231919  -3.8785 0.0001169 ***      
                iis628                         -0.981514    0.232034  -4.2300 2.709e-05 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009          -0.577678    0.106519  -5.4232 8.554e-08 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014             -0.782904    0.114677  -6.8270 2.162e-11 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2008   -0.629781    0.161617  -3.8968 0.0001087 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2012    0.829289    0.168422   4.9239 1.103e-06 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2017   -0.641585    0.247166  -2.5958 0.0096735 **       
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2018    0.923320    0.276172   3.3433 0.0008805 ***      
                fesisIowa.2002                  0.532099    0.232372   2.2899 0.0223824 *        
                fesisMinnesota.2007            -0.365931    0.111742  -3.2748 0.0011195 **       
                fesisNevada.2012               -0.473397    0.115892  -4.0848 5.022e-05 ***      
                fesisNevada.2018                0.652955    0.244367   2.6720 0.0077482 **       
                fesisNewHampshire.2019          0.576808    0.232138   2.4848 0.0132403 *        
                fesisNewMexico.2009            -0.610091    0.153103  -3.9848 7.599e-05 ***      
                fesisNewMexico.2012             0.468248    0.152553   3.0694 0.0022435 **       
                fesisOregon.2002                0.837190    0.276304   3.0300 0.0025531 **       
                fesisOregon.2004               -0.959168    0.171122  -5.6052 3.199e-08 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2004          -0.778470    0.144456  -5.3890 1.026e-07 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2002        -0.642762    0.243688  -2.6376 0.0085689 **       
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008         0.733249    0.118154   6.2059 1.026e-09 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                   Chi-sq df p-value      
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.17072  1  0.6795      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 0.11704  1  0.7323      
                                                
                SE of regression   0.22184      
                R-squared          0.95656      
                Log-lik.(n=684)  106.92467      

Robustness check

Model specifications

AR(0)

Ihs Patent Count

0.01

us_all

                Formula: ihs_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_all (2000:2019); p.value: 0.01; AR: 0      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:09:31 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 1020       
                Sample: 1 to 1020       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                  coef std.error  t-stat   p-value          
                lgdp                         -0.250310  1.123262 -0.2228 0.8237090          
                lpop                          0.527869  0.478991  1.1020 0.2707355          
                lgdp_sq                       0.019572  0.048436  0.4041 0.6862487          
                lfuel                        -0.257949  0.310615 -0.8304 0.4065049          
                idAlaska                      0.285782  0.803126  0.3558 0.7220451          
                idArizona                     1.599141  0.168811  9.4730 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idArkansas                   -0.972597  0.251731 -3.8636 0.0001197 ***      
                idCalifornia                  2.383190  0.912730  2.6111 0.0091756 **       
                idColorado                    2.028023  0.156187 12.9846 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idConnecticut                 2.908335  0.236811 12.2813 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDelaware                    2.785966  0.707621  3.9371 8.880e-05 ***      
                idDistrictofColumbia          1.069172  0.925997  1.1546 0.2485522          
                idFlorida                     1.149348  0.584476  1.9665 0.0495507 *        
                idGeorgia                     1.021426  0.319664  3.1953 0.0014452 **       
                idHawaii                      1.109943  0.528793  2.0990 0.0360922 *        
                idIdaho                       0.980651  0.464772  2.1100 0.0351354 *        
                idIllinois                    1.434440  0.448232  3.2002 0.0014211 **       
                idIndiana                     0.815134  0.180858  4.5070 7.435e-06 ***      
                idIowa                        0.420112  0.216894  1.9369 0.0530627 .        
                idKansas                      0.171364  0.239652  0.7151 0.4747613          
                idKentucky                    0.152370  0.121552  1.2535 0.2103318          
                idLouisiana                   0.078249  0.160031  0.4890 0.6249889          
                idMaine                       0.426393  0.523919  0.8139 0.4159434          
                idMaryland                    1.196170  0.175246  6.8257 1.602e-11 ***      
                idMassachusetts               2.608351  0.236765 11.0166 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                    1.916875  0.331241  5.7869 9.874e-09 ***      
                idMinnesota                   1.924279  0.160168 12.0142 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMississippi                 0.391300  0.264308  1.4805 0.1390963          
                idMissouri                    0.597771  0.156473  3.8203 0.0001424 ***      
                idMontana                     0.375123  0.645182  0.5814 0.5611002          
                idNebraska                   -0.122713  0.410106 -0.2992 0.7648395          
                idNevada                      1.428679  0.293217  4.8724 1.301e-06 ***      
                idNewHampshire                1.904415  0.531142  3.5855 0.0003544 ***      
                idNewJersey                   1.590883  0.312874  5.0847 4.474e-07 ***      
                idNewMexico                   1.743426  0.364352  4.7850 1.996e-06 ***      
                idNewYork                     1.980744  0.644525  3.0732 0.0021813 **       
                idNorthCarolina               1.600653  0.310659  5.1524 3.157e-07 ***      
                idNorthDakota                 0.249276  0.796536  0.3130 0.7543904          
                idOhio                        1.810739  0.393672  4.5996 4.835e-06 ***      
                idOklahoma                    0.656769  0.150560  4.3622 1.436e-05 ***      
                idOregon                      1.750836  0.145768 12.0111 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idPennsylvania                1.771057  0.433756  4.0831 4.838e-05 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                 2.051659  0.609306  3.3672 0.0007913 ***      
                idSouthCarolina               1.291802  0.152902  8.4485 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idSouthDakota                 0.053200  0.740017  0.0719 0.9427054          
                idTennessee                   0.109750  0.215457  0.5094 0.6106080          
                idTexas                       1.342206  0.721774  1.8596 0.0632676 .        
                idUtah                        1.230073  0.252675  4.8682 1.329e-06 ***      
                idVermont                     1.266864  0.838717  1.5105 0.1312703          
                idVirginia                    1.279382  0.265005  4.8278 1.620e-06 ***      
                idWashington                  1.681936  0.223385  7.5293 1.233e-13 ***      
                idWestVirginia                0.056437  0.393686  0.1434 0.8860416          
                idWisconsin                   1.618240  0.149801 10.8026 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWyoming                     1.425540  0.917730  1.5533 0.1206932          
                time2000                     -2.236478  7.711968 -0.2900 0.7718819          
                time2001                     -2.251534  7.706439 -0.2922 0.7702292          
                time2002                     -2.075531  7.708743 -0.2692 0.7878035          
                time2003                     -1.961176  7.717404 -0.2541 0.7994577          
                time2004                     -1.922549  7.730525 -0.2487 0.8036525          
                time2005                     -1.595526  7.744653 -0.2060 0.8368244          
                time2006                     -1.396252  7.754142 -0.1801 0.8571416          
                time2007                     -1.180517  7.758924 -0.1521 0.8791029          
                time2008                     -1.047081  7.777700 -0.1346 0.8929375          
                time2009                     -1.001678  7.754613 -0.1292 0.8972503          
                time2010                     -0.977264  7.767856 -0.1258 0.8999113          
                time2011                     -0.896490  7.781232 -0.1152 0.9083028          
                time2012                     -0.949876  7.779979 -0.1221 0.9028530          
                time2013                     -1.026136  7.781893 -0.1319 0.8951227          
                time2014                     -1.323572  7.776581 -0.1702 0.8648911          
                time2015                     -1.483803  7.741470 -0.1917 0.8480441          
                time2016                     -1.610831  7.736397 -0.2082 0.8351082          
                time2017                     -1.582258  7.746759 -0.2042 0.8382058          
                time2018                     -1.507851  7.758629 -0.1943 0.8459493          
                time2019                     -1.636295  7.751279 -0.2111 0.8328567          
                iis3                         -1.158279  0.365235 -3.1713 0.0015685 **       
                iis18                        -1.275426  0.365426 -3.4902 0.0005059 ***      
                iis62                         2.096418  0.379916  5.5181 4.474e-08 ***      
                iis66                         1.642456  0.379926  4.3231 1.709e-05 ***      
                iis73                         1.064461  0.374517  2.8422 0.0045807 **       
                iis165                       -1.057473  0.372734 -2.8371 0.0046546 **       
                iis169                       -1.591100  0.373051 -4.2651 2.208e-05 ***      
                iis221                       -1.403203  0.377147 -3.7206 0.0002110 ***      
                iis236                       -2.071060  0.435188 -4.7590 2.264e-06 ***      
                iis238                       -1.959393  0.435292 -4.5013 7.634e-06 ***      
                iis239                       -2.200966  0.435199 -5.0574 5.146e-07 ***      
                iis347                       -1.475913  0.364788 -4.0459 5.656e-05 ***      
                iis502                       -1.367273  0.365177 -3.7441 0.0001925 ***      
                iis549                       -1.070161  0.371280 -2.8824 0.0040406 **       
                iis687                        1.215231  0.369237  3.2912 0.0010362 **       
                iis825                        1.774398  0.379922  4.6704 3.461e-06 ***      
                iis830                        0.987866  0.373048  2.6481 0.0082356 **       
                fesisAlaska.2007             -1.156909  0.198979 -5.8142 8.440e-09 ***      
                fesisAlaska.2014              0.652785  0.200579  3.2545 0.0011781 **       
                fesisArkansas.2009            0.991437  0.180517  5.4922 5.159e-08 ***      
                fesisArkansas.2019           -1.319464  0.374884 -3.5197 0.0004536 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009        -0.596086  0.162675 -3.6643 0.0002625 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014           -0.859920  0.179921 -4.7794 2.051e-06 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2012  0.534402  0.174398  3.0643 0.0022467 **       
                fesisHawaii.2009             -0.635872  0.198907 -3.1968 0.0014376 **       
                fesisHawaii.2015              0.810737  0.290545  2.7904 0.0053750 **       
                fesisLouisiana.2011          -0.820957  0.209271 -3.9229 9.409e-05 ***      
                fesisLouisiana.2015           1.114322  0.239325  4.6561 3.705e-06 ***      
                fesisMaine.2008               0.708814  0.165486  4.2832 2.039e-05 ***      
                fesisMississippi.2004        -1.348604  0.200861 -6.7141 3.337e-11 ***      
                fesisNebraska.2012            0.729184  0.166930  4.3682 1.398e-05 ***      
                fesisNevada.2012             -0.655632  0.176666 -3.7111 0.0002189 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2005        -0.731592  0.187607 -3.8996 0.0001035 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008       0.840182  0.166469  5.0471 5.423e-07 ***      
                fesisSouthDakota.2008         1.167768  0.180906  6.4551 1.761e-10 ***      
                fesisSouthDakota.2019        -1.713488  0.373575 -4.5867 5.136e-06 ***      
                fesisTennessee.2005           0.642446  0.184583  3.4805 0.0005243 ***      
                fesisUtah.2019               -1.159956  0.368335 -3.1492 0.0016910 **       
                fesisWestVirginia.2013       -0.706492  0.170020 -4.1554 3.556e-05 ***      
                fesisWyoming.2005            -0.605740  0.195313 -3.1014 0.0019859 **       
                fesisWyoming.2017            -0.914074  0.232822 -3.9261 9.290e-05 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                  Chi-sq df p-value        
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   2.0067  1 0.15661        
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 2.9035  1 0.08839 .      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                                                 
                SE of regression    0.35173      
                R-squared           0.94587      
                Log-lik.(n=1020) -324.03364      
us_q30

                Formula: ihs_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_q30 (2000:2019); p.value: 0.01; AR: 0      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:06:44 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 720       
                Sample: 1 to 720       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                             coef std.error   t-stat   p-value          
                lgdp                    -3.216728  1.512687  -2.1265 0.0338443 *        
                lpop                     1.106473  0.446698   2.4770 0.0135066 *        
                lgdp_sq                  0.120294  0.056835   2.1165 0.0346847 *        
                lfuel                    0.042308  0.279503   0.1514 0.8797320          
                idCalifornia             0.254991  0.692169   0.3684 0.7127017          
                idColorado               0.579775  0.137706   4.2102 2.917e-05 ***      
                idConnecticut            1.583396  0.256867   6.1643 1.255e-09 ***      
                idDelaware               1.430535  0.688234   2.0786 0.0380562 *        
                idDistrictofColumbia     0.654720  0.871064   0.7516 0.4525493          
                idFlorida               -0.716647  0.399049  -1.7959 0.0729847 .        
                idGeorgia               -0.612764  0.175720  -3.4872 0.0005217 ***      
                idIdaho                 -0.656861  0.507422  -1.2945 0.1959584          
                idIllinois              -0.237574  0.285953  -0.8308 0.4063877          
                idIndiana               -0.756852  0.091445  -8.2766 7.403e-16 ***      
                idIowa                  -1.755448  0.311801  -5.6300 2.700e-08 ***      
                idKentucky              -1.389615  0.162526  -8.5501 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMaryland              -0.283815  0.121551  -2.3350 0.0198546 *        
                idMassachusetts          1.159985  0.158401   7.3231 7.323e-13 ***      
                idMichigan               0.240339  0.183550   1.3094 0.1908728          
                idMinnesota              0.455961  0.130533   3.4931 0.0005104 ***      
                idMissouri              -0.969339  0.092000 -10.5363 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNevada                 0.084889  0.333585   0.2545 0.7992100          
                idNewHampshire           0.391746  0.547103   0.7160 0.4742299          
                idNewJersey              0.047627  0.184785   0.2577 0.7966887          
                idNewMexico              0.142141  0.409754   0.3469 0.7287865          
                idNewYork                0.525017  0.475586   1.1039 0.2700369          
                idNorthCarolina         -0.039259  0.167828  -0.2339 0.8151204          
                idOhio                   0.123969  0.235957   0.5254 0.5994963          
                idOklahoma              -0.896596  0.200901  -4.4629 9.558e-06 ***      
                idOregon                 0.790577  0.226709   3.4872 0.0005216 ***      
                idPennsylvania           0.073025  0.270413   0.2700 0.7872097          
                idRhodeIsland            0.402102  0.614946   0.6539 0.5134237          
                idSouthCarolina         -0.325852  0.170914  -1.9065 0.0570305 .        
                idTennessee             -0.882125  0.089838  -9.8191 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idTexas                 -0.609231  0.520931  -1.1695 0.2426365          
                idUtah                  -0.288127  0.302032  -0.9540 0.3404640          
                idVirginia              -0.215764  0.144840  -1.4897 0.1368025          
                idWashington             0.196511  0.133723   1.4695 0.1421808          
                idWisconsin             -0.057808  0.106204  -0.5443 0.5864196          
                time2000                14.604739  9.573521   1.5255 0.1276206          
                time2001                14.726123  9.567961   1.5391 0.1242730          
                time2002                14.862061  9.568833   1.5532 0.1208767          
                time2003                14.837073  9.580133   1.5487 0.1219409          
                time2004                14.897335  9.597368   1.5522 0.1211020          
                time2005                15.100786  9.615260   1.5705 0.1167934          
                time2006                15.293592  9.625120   1.5889 0.1125720          
                time2007                15.379416  9.630681   1.5969 0.1107782          
                time2008                15.467909  9.647056   1.6034 0.1093446          
                time2009                15.653909  9.618553   1.6275 0.1041302          
                time2010                15.671982  9.632600   1.6270 0.1042357          
                time2011                15.622191  9.645826   1.6196 0.1058158          
                time2012                15.579839  9.645994   1.6152 0.1067693          
                time2013                15.530921  9.647778   1.6098 0.1079370          
                time2014                15.199713  9.645031   1.5759 0.1155412          
                time2015                15.304628  9.612285   1.5922 0.1118355          
                time2016                15.173091  9.608096   1.5792 0.1147854          
                time2017                15.151588  9.619747   1.5751 0.1157397          
                time2018                15.195910  9.633932   1.5773 0.1152140          
                time2019                15.056865  9.628851   1.5637 0.1183775          
                iis105                  -1.448046  0.286103  -5.0613 5.452e-07 ***      
                iis109                  -1.901946  0.287395  -6.6179 7.719e-11 ***      
                iis110                  -0.961689  0.287260  -3.3478 0.0008624 ***      
                iis111                  -1.030966  0.286920  -3.5932 0.0003517 ***      
                iis162                  -1.233418  0.288922  -4.2690 2.261e-05 ***      
                iis242                  -1.084230  0.285206  -3.8016 0.0001576 ***      
                iis247                  -1.550922  0.284581  -5.4498 7.206e-08 ***      
                iis342                  -1.432175  0.284968  -5.0257 6.519e-07 ***      
                iis379                  -0.974312  0.292086  -3.3357 0.0009001 ***      
                iis601                  -1.124355  0.284536  -3.9515 8.630e-05 ***      
                iis604                  -1.179795  0.284522  -4.1466 3.830e-05 ***      
                iis662                  -1.109904  0.284883  -3.8960 0.0001081 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009   -0.593846  0.127442  -4.6597 3.855e-06 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014      -0.864920  0.141517  -6.1118 1.714e-09 ***      
                fesisIowa.2002           0.773297  0.211596   3.6546 0.0002788 ***      
                fesisNevada.2010        -0.657882  0.145762  -4.5134 7.595e-06 ***      
                fesisNewYork.2005       -0.460685  0.148432  -3.1037 0.0019957 **       
                fesisOregon.2004        -0.713520  0.163517  -4.3636 1.492e-05 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2005   -0.662278  0.148570  -4.4577 9.784e-06 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008  0.833216  0.129373   6.4404 2.344e-10 ***      
                fesisUtah.2019          -1.060969  0.289294  -3.6674 0.0002654 ***      
                fesisWisconsin.2014      0.450776  0.136469   3.3031 0.0010094 **       
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                     Chi-sq df p-value        
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.0078743  1 0.92929        
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 3.6454046  1 0.05622 .      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                                                
                SE of regression   0.27283      
                R-squared          0.94355      
                Log-lik.(n=720)  -45.93225      

Log Patent Count

0.01

us_all

                Formula: log_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_all (2000:2019); p.value: 0.01; AR: 0      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:04:03 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 1020       
                Sample: 1 to 1020       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                  coef std.error  t-stat   p-value          
                lgdp                         -0.753794  0.978606 -0.7703 0.4413380          
                lpop                          1.068286  0.409288  2.6101 0.0092005 **       
                lgdp_sq                       0.025554  0.042639  0.5993 0.5491146          
                lfuel                        -0.366344  0.273409 -1.3399 0.1806088          
                idAlaska                      1.174856  0.683190  1.7197 0.0858351 .        
                idArizona                     1.430647  0.140552 10.1788 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idArkansas                   -0.048570  0.222771 -0.2180 0.8274565          
                idCalifornia                  1.584667  0.774182  2.0469 0.0409565 *        
                idColorado                    1.978476  0.129496 15.2783 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idConnecticut                 2.962796  0.199815 14.8277 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDelaware                    3.161038  0.602888  5.2432 1.965e-07 ***      
                idDistrictofColumbia          2.029164  0.789799  2.5692 0.0103517 *        
                idFlorida                     0.755423  0.491951  1.5356 0.1249942          
                idGeorgia                     0.830010  0.268280  3.0938 0.0020365 **       
                idHawaii                      0.425252  0.531017  0.8008 0.4234424          
                idIdaho                       1.212285  0.393449  3.0812 0.0021241 **       
                idIllinois                    1.206031  0.376639  3.2021 0.0014119 **       
                idIndiana                     0.728977  0.150545  4.8423 1.509e-06 ***      
                idIowa                        0.638928  0.182537  3.5003 0.0004874 ***      
                idKansas                      0.457845  0.201958  2.2670 0.0236234 *        
                idKentucky                    0.246111  0.099691  2.4687 0.0137425 *        
                idLouisiana                   0.252679  0.133056  1.8990 0.0578759 .        
                idMaine                       0.965384  0.443815  2.1752 0.0298732 *        
                idMaryland                    1.161522  0.145769  7.9682 4.814e-15 ***      
                idMassachusetts               2.538830  0.198198 12.8096 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                    1.648343  0.278307  5.9227 4.490e-09 ***      
                idMinnesota                   1.869498  0.133066 14.0494 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMississippi                 0.561262  0.221085  2.5387 0.0112937 *        
                idMissouri                    0.549686  0.129725  4.2373 2.493e-05 ***      
                idMontana                     0.912519  0.548314  1.6642 0.0964125 .        
                idNebraska                    0.418012  0.347661  1.2024 0.2295397          
                idNevada                      1.556635  0.247098  6.2997 4.645e-10 ***      
                idNewHampshire                2.142100  0.451247  4.7471 2.397e-06 ***      
                idNewJersey                   1.460008  0.262334  5.5655 3.443e-08 ***      
                idNewMexico                   1.834118  0.308454  5.9462 3.914e-09 ***      
                idNewYork                     1.698675  0.542346  3.1321 0.0017914 **       
                idNorthCarolina               1.374815  0.260735  5.2728 1.680e-07 ***      
                idNorthDakota                 1.095074  0.679553  1.6115 0.1074267          
                idOhio                        1.539358  0.330808  4.6533 3.753e-06 ***      
                idOklahoma                    0.728987  0.125094  5.8275 7.812e-09 ***      
                idOregon                      1.647383  0.121863 13.5183 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idPennsylvania                1.496756  0.364552  4.1057 4.394e-05 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                 2.303124  0.517951  4.4466 9.805e-06 ***      
                idSouthCarolina               1.211430  0.126477  9.5782 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idSouthDakota                 0.807832  0.630455  1.2813 0.2003990          
                idTennessee                   0.539423  0.141105  3.8228 0.0001409 ***      
                idTexas                       0.956225  0.607296  1.5746 0.1157068          
                idUtah                        1.326893  0.212599  6.2413 6.654e-10 ***      
                idVermont                     1.780478  0.715326  2.4890 0.0129870 *        
                idVirginia                    1.161814  0.221839  5.2372 2.027e-07 ***      
                idWashington                  1.597641  0.186568  8.5633 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWestVirginia                0.427539  0.332881  1.2844 0.1993444          
                idWisconsin                   1.387342  0.133838 10.3659 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWyoming                     2.135815  0.783040  2.7276 0.0065031 **       
                time2000                     -1.658827  6.702173 -0.2475 0.8045727          
                time2001                     -1.686120  6.701546 -0.2516 0.8014060          
                time2002                     -1.585308  6.703207 -0.2365 0.8130981          
                time2003                     -1.419975  6.705883 -0.2118 0.8323492          
                time2004                     -1.341490  6.710186 -0.1999 0.8415891          
                time2005                     -0.960979  6.715045 -0.1431 0.8862364          
                time2006                     -0.763021  6.719687 -0.1136 0.9096196          
                time2007                     -0.585782  6.722300 -0.0871 0.9305794          
                time2008                     -0.403061  6.731055 -0.0599 0.9522637          
                time2009                     -0.456587  6.723339 -0.0679 0.9458717          
                time2010                     -0.386517  6.728673 -0.0574 0.9542048          
                time2011                     -0.295889  6.734929 -0.0439 0.9649671          
                time2012                     -0.344596  6.734029 -0.0512 0.9591995          
                time2013                     -0.408685  6.735066 -0.0607 0.9516273          
                time2014                     -0.692363  6.732539 -0.1028 0.9181140          
                time2015                     -0.931813  6.718325 -0.1387 0.8897202          
                time2016                     -1.065213  6.716560 -0.1586 0.8740233          
                time2017                     -1.019911  6.719836 -0.1518 0.8793972          
                time2018                     -0.894110  6.723863 -0.1330 0.8942421          
                time2019                     -1.019484  6.720200 -0.1517 0.8794539          
                iis62                         1.192221  0.327029  3.6456 0.0002819 ***      
                iis73                         0.863018  0.314629  2.7430 0.0062087 **       
                iis169                       -1.152496  0.312106 -3.6926 0.0002352 ***      
                iis236                       -1.604272  0.365597 -4.3881 1.278e-05 ***      
                iis238                       -1.480235  0.365634 -4.0484 5.597e-05 ***      
                iis239                       -1.709387  0.365606 -4.6755 3.378e-06 ***      
                iis347                       -1.131853  0.306408 -3.6939 0.0002340 ***      
                iis502                       -0.998962  0.306750 -3.2566 0.0011694 **       
                iis549                       -0.857661  0.311900 -2.7498 0.0060818 **       
                iis743                        1.109394  0.308318  3.5982 0.0003377 ***      
                iis825                        1.384676  0.319096  4.3394 1.589e-05 ***      
                iis830                        0.841706  0.313428  2.6855 0.0073748 **       
                fesisAlaska.2007             -0.942128  0.167497 -5.6247 2.474e-08 ***      
                fesisAlaska.2014              0.563518  0.168576  3.3428 0.0008633 ***      
                fesisArkansas.2006           -0.695476  0.218163 -3.1879 0.0014823 **       
                fesisArkansas.2009            0.977352  0.199656  4.8952 1.162e-06 ***      
                fesisArkansas.2019           -0.983964  0.314960 -3.1241 0.0018402 **       
                fesisCalifornia.2006          0.462832  0.161678  2.8627 0.0042976 **       
                fesisConnecticut.2009        -0.554881  0.136673 -4.0599 5.333e-05 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014           -0.833406  0.151595 -5.4976 5.006e-08 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2012  0.449637  0.144136  3.1195 0.0018686 **       
                fesisHawaii.2001              1.031584  0.316838  3.2559 0.0011723 **       
                fesisHawaii.2009             -0.548617  0.167538 -3.2746 0.0010983 **       
                fesisHawaii.2015              0.721089  0.244136  2.9536 0.0032216 **       
                fesisLouisiana.2011          -0.689865  0.175870 -3.9226 9.421e-05 ***      
                fesisLouisiana.2015           0.907271  0.201082  4.5119 7.268e-06 ***      
                fesisMaine.2011               0.502193  0.137194  3.6605 0.0002663 ***      
                fesisMississippi.2004        -1.104644  0.168779 -6.5449 9.944e-11 ***      
                fesisNebraska.2012            0.570699  0.140230  4.0697 5.117e-05 ***      
                fesisNevada.2012             -0.619466  0.148416 -4.1738 3.283e-05 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2005        -0.630601  0.157612 -4.0010 6.823e-05 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008       0.763543  0.139885  5.4584 6.204e-08 ***      
                fesisSouthDakota.2008         0.874768  0.151982  5.7557 1.180e-08 ***      
                fesisSouthDakota.2019        -1.308075  0.313907 -4.1671 3.380e-05 ***      
                fesisUtah.2019               -0.971240  0.309420 -3.1389 0.0017507 **       
                fesisWestVirginia.2013       -0.508325  0.142974 -3.5554 0.0003970 ***      
                fesisWisconsin.2014           0.428740  0.146785  2.9209 0.0035771 **       
                fesisWyoming.2005            -0.559988  0.164272 -3.4089 0.0006809 ***      
                fesisWyoming.2017            -0.672426  0.195614 -3.4375 0.0006138 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                  Chi-sq df p-value        
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   3.6808  1 0.05504 .      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 1.3980  1 0.23707        
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                                                 
                SE of regression    0.29548      
                R-squared           0.94988      
                Log-lik.(n=1020) -147.28845      
us_q30

                Formula: log_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_q30 (2000:2019); p.value: 0.01; AR: 0      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 13:59:18 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 720       
                Sample: 1 to 720       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                             coef std.error   t-stat   p-value          
                lgdp                    -2.520530  1.402063  -1.7977 0.0726927 .        
                lpop                     1.171714  0.397845   2.9452 0.0033455 **       
                lgdp_sq                  0.093230  0.053258   1.7505 0.0805075 .        
                lfuel                   -0.143474  0.262902  -0.5457 0.5854422          
                idCalifornia            -0.097812  0.634496  -0.1542 0.8775340          
                idColorado               0.577391  0.122454   4.7152 2.968e-06 ***      
                idConnecticut            1.577997  0.229667   6.8708 1.521e-11 ***      
                idDelaware               1.661099  0.632928   2.6245 0.0088863 **       
                idDistrictofColumbia     1.040444  0.785359   1.3248 0.1857120          
                idFlorida               -0.791282  0.362701  -2.1816 0.0295007 *        
                idGeorgia               -0.668212  0.161298  -4.1427 3.894e-05 ***      
                idIdaho                 -0.302383  0.471655  -0.6411 0.5216812          
                idIllinois              -0.293679  0.261943  -1.1212 0.2626441          
                idIndiana               -0.702250  0.081822  -8.5827 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIowa                  -0.788778  0.241929  -3.2604 0.0011719 **       
                idKentucky              -1.196389  0.147833  -8.0929 2.952e-15 ***      
                idMaryland              -0.253547  0.108445  -2.3380 0.0196943 *        
                idMassachusetts          1.119114  0.142890   7.8320 2.010e-14 ***      
                idMichigan              -0.188974  0.235013  -0.8041 0.4216400          
                idMinnesota              0.456963  0.116368   3.9269 9.543e-05 ***      
                idMissouri              -0.879049  0.082175 -10.6972 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNevada                 0.212475  0.303153   0.7009 0.4836309          
                idNewHampshire           0.635379  0.505486   1.2570 0.2092254          
                idNewJersey              0.011805  0.169158   0.0698 0.9443863          
                idNewMexico              0.334221  0.379492   0.8807 0.3788081          
                idNewYork                0.397093  0.435056   0.9127 0.3617246          
                idNorthCarolina         -0.080542  0.152953  -0.5266 0.5986679          
                idOhio                   0.059732  0.215413   0.2773 0.7816457          
                idOklahoma              -0.708628  0.183968  -3.8519 0.0001290 ***      
                idOregon                 0.786981  0.204737   3.8439 0.0001332 ***      
                idPennsylvania           0.005042  0.247106   0.0204 0.9837273          
                idRhodeIsland            0.708280  0.570439   1.2416 0.2148259          
                idSouthCarolina         -0.236441  0.155543  -1.5201 0.1289794          
                idTennessee             -0.808688  0.080221 -10.0807 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idTexas                 -0.682953  0.474616  -1.4390 0.1506525          
                idUtah                  -0.115428  0.277224  -0.4164 0.6772777          
                idVirginia              -0.229089  0.131926  -1.7365 0.0829579 .        
                idWashington             0.178185  0.120549   1.4781 0.1398725          
                idWisconsin             -0.040126  0.094826  -0.4232 0.6723265          
                time2000                 9.593603  8.945944   1.0724 0.2839473          
                time2001                 9.661709  8.946068   1.0800 0.2805525          
                time2002                 9.822765  8.947365   1.0978 0.2726890          
                time2003                 9.824717  8.952796   1.0974 0.2728846          
                time2004                 9.930859  8.960693   1.1083 0.2681632          
                time2005                10.173321  8.968659   1.1343 0.2570867          
                time2006                10.363677  8.974610   1.1548 0.2486139          
                time2007                10.461694  8.977304   1.1653 0.2443132          
                time2008                10.608114  8.983690   1.1808 0.2381145          
                time2009                10.681892  8.972065   1.1906 0.2342643          
                time2010                10.747595  8.977915   1.1971 0.2317064          
                time2011                10.740201  8.983715   1.1955 0.2323285          
                time2012                10.696359  8.984161   1.1906 0.2342614          
                time2013                10.656315  8.985144   1.1860 0.2360667          
                time2014                10.333319  8.985167   1.1500 0.2505575          
                time2015                10.289405  8.974683   1.1465 0.2520213          
                time2016                10.146258  8.973921   1.1306 0.2586323          
                time2017                10.170152  8.977934   1.1328 0.2577262          
                time2018                10.256565  8.983511   1.1417 0.2540029          
                time2019                10.110905  8.982253   1.1257 0.2607355          
                iis105                  -1.042646  0.255354  -4.0831 5.008e-05 ***      
                iis109                  -1.468330  0.256532  -5.7238 1.604e-08 ***      
                iis110                  -0.825151  0.256373  -3.2186 0.0013537 **       
                iis111                  -0.893447  0.255994  -3.4901 0.0005161 ***      
                iis141                   0.829325  0.255392   3.2473 0.0012263 **       
                iis162                  -0.791550  0.257935  -3.0688 0.0022404 **       
                iis247                  -1.127715  0.253598  -4.4469 1.028e-05 ***      
                iis342                  -1.017514  0.254263  -4.0018 7.023e-05 ***      
                iis379                  -0.782917  0.260686  -3.0033 0.0027753 **       
                iis601                  -0.801057  0.254030  -3.1534 0.0016896 **       
                iis604                  -0.908852  0.253905  -3.5795 0.0003704 ***      
                iis662                  -0.946930  0.254120  -3.7263 0.0002115 ***      
                fesisCalifornia.2006     0.373072  0.137967   2.7041 0.0070323 **       
                fesisConnecticut.2009   -0.554322  0.113990  -4.8629 1.458e-06 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014      -0.807052  0.126745  -6.3675 3.675e-10 ***      
                fesisMichigan.2003       0.440356  0.160523   2.7433 0.0062540 **       
                fesisNevada.2010        -0.583380  0.130185  -4.4812 8.800e-06 ***      
                fesisNewYork.2005       -0.393821  0.133211  -2.9564 0.0032279 **       
                fesisOregon.2004        -0.638370  0.146405  -4.3603 1.514e-05 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2005   -0.587112  0.132625  -4.4269 1.125e-05 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008  0.769214  0.115612   6.6534 6.167e-11 ***      
                fesisUtah.2019          -0.906033  0.258553  -3.5042 0.0004900 ***      
                fesisWisconsin.2014      0.438416  0.121899   3.5966 0.0003474 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                    Chi-sq df p-value        
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.061218  1 0.80458        
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 3.830506  1 0.05033 .      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                                               
                SE of regression  0.24347      
                R-squared         0.94683      
                Log-lik.(n=720)  36.54681      

AR(1)

Ihs Patent Count

0.01

us_all

                Formula: ihs_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_all (2000:2019); p.value: 0.01; AR: 1      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:09:35 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 969       
                Sample: 1 to 969       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                    coef   std.error  t-stat   p-value          
                ar1                           2.5548e-02  2.9360e-02  0.8702 0.3844525          
                lgdp                          8.5007e+03  2.0724e+04  0.4102 0.6817698          
                lpop                         -7.1254e+03  1.7381e+04 -0.4100 0.6819380          
                lgdp_sq                      -2.8966e+02  7.0562e+02 -0.4105 0.6815362          
                lfuel                        -1.7731e+01  4.3998e+01 -0.4030 0.6870507          
                idAlaska                     -8.1654e-01  1.7005e-01 -4.8019 1.854e-06 ***      
                idArizona                     1.8667e+00  1.3110e-01 14.2389 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idArkansas                   -1.0557e+00  1.6005e-01 -6.5961 7.368e-11 ***      
                idCalifornia                  4.1330e+00  1.7284e-01 23.9123 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idColorado                    2.2036e+00  1.3578e-01 16.2298 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idConnecticut                 2.8538e+00  1.7601e-01 16.2137 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDelaware                    1.7209e+00  1.4072e-01 12.2294 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDistrictofColumbia          1.9894e-01  1.6839e-01  1.1815 0.2377481          
                idFlorida                     2.2939e+00  1.3725e-01 16.7129 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idGeorgia                     1.6092e+00  1.2832e-01 12.5402 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idHawaii                      3.5295e-01  1.5174e-01  2.3260 0.0202499 *        
                idIdaho                      -8.5222e-01  3.6841e-01 -2.3133 0.0209430 *        
                idIllinois                    2.2918e+00  1.3769e-01 16.6441 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIndiana                     1.1634e+00  1.2281e-01  9.4731 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIowa                        2.3432e-01  1.1733e-01  1.9971 0.0461314 *        
                idKansas                     -1.0982e-01  1.1685e-01 -0.9398 0.3475587          
                idKentucky                    1.5268e-01  1.1861e-01  1.2872 0.1983666          
                idLouisiana                   7.5953e-02  1.1694e-01  0.6495 0.5161828          
                idMaine                       1.4289e-01  1.1855e-01  1.2054 0.2283995          
                idMaryland                    1.4738e+00  1.2629e-01 11.6698 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMassachusetts               2.9794e+00  1.4969e-01 19.9040 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                    2.5517e+00  1.4177e-01 17.9990 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMinnesota                   2.1224e+00  1.3492e-01 15.7302 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMississippi                -1.2557e+00  1.2590e-01 -9.9737 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMissouri                    8.6773e-01  1.2172e-01  7.1286 2.148e-12 ***      
                idMontana                    -6.6802e-01  1.1786e-01 -5.6678 1.974e-08 ***      
                idNebraska                   -6.6868e-01  1.4702e-01 -4.5480 6.192e-06 ***      
                idNevada                      8.0212e-01  1.2028e-01  6.6690 4.604e-11 ***      
                idNewHampshire                1.0290e+00  1.2200e-01  8.4345 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewJersey                   2.1795e+00  1.3623e-01 15.9985 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewMexico                   1.1561e+00  1.2316e-01  9.3873 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewYork                     3.2162e+00  1.5446e-01 20.8224 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthCarolina               2.1916e+00  1.3576e-01 16.1433 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthDakota                -9.0026e-01  1.2262e-01 -7.3422 4.874e-13 ***      
                idOhio                        2.5493e+00  1.4203e-01 17.9496 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOklahoma                    6.0217e-01  1.1870e-01  5.0731 4.795e-07 ***      
                idOregon                      1.5764e+00  1.3009e-01 12.1176 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idPennsylvania                2.6174e+00  1.4288e-01 18.3191 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                 1.2915e+00  2.2589e-01  5.7174 1.492e-08 ***      
                idSouthCarolina               1.2983e+00  1.6476e-01  7.8799 9.881e-15 ***      
                idSouthDakota                -1.0801e+00  1.6977e-01 -6.3623 3.226e-10 ***      
                idTennessee                   1.0157e+00  1.2216e-01  8.3145 3.580e-16 ***      
                idTexas                       2.7342e+00  1.4504e-01 18.8516 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idUtah                        8.6046e-01  1.2089e-01  7.1177 2.315e-12 ***      
                idVermont                    -6.9933e-02  1.1686e-01 -0.5985 0.5496955          
                idVirginia                    1.8019e+00  1.3002e-01 13.8589 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWashington                  2.0782e+00  1.3437e-01 15.4656 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWestVirginia               -5.6432e-01  1.3334e-01 -4.2322 2.562e-05 ***      
                idWisconsin                   1.8419e+00  1.3077e-01 14.0854 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWyoming                    -4.7226e-01  1.2443e-01 -3.7953 0.0001578 ***      
                time2001                     -2.9644e+02  7.1959e+02 -0.4120 0.6804714          
                time2002                     -3.1222e+02  7.5847e+02 -0.4116 0.6807055          
                time2003                     -3.1680e+02  7.7024e+02 -0.4113 0.6809544          
                time2004                     -3.7000e+02  9.0057e+02 -0.4109 0.6812848          
                time2005                     -3.6723e+02  8.9466e+02 -0.4105 0.6815675          
                time2006                     -2.9569e+02  7.2054e+02 -0.4104 0.6816335          
                time2007                     -2.3968e+02  5.8444e+02 -0.4101 0.6818412          
                time2008                     -1.4899e+02  3.6298e+02 -0.4105 0.6815561          
                time2009                     -4.7774e+01  1.1653e+02 -0.4100 0.6819396          
                time2010                     -3.3417e+01  8.1449e+01 -0.4103 0.6817027          
                time2011                     -3.1394e+01  7.6515e+01 -0.4103 0.6816917          
                time2012                     -1.9098e+01  4.6553e+01 -0.4102 0.6817363          
                time2013                     -1.3060e+01  3.1702e+01 -0.4119 0.6804832          
                time2014                      1.3969e+01  3.4853e+01  0.4008 0.6886631          
                time2015                      7.4082e+00  1.8039e+01  0.4107 0.6814075          
                iis17                        -1.2463e+00  3.6885e-01 -3.3789 0.0007604 ***      
                iis58                         1.8972e+00  3.8371e-01  4.9444 9.182e-07 ***      
                iis72                        -1.4956e+00  3.7817e-01 -3.9548 8.289e-05 ***      
                iis76                        -1.5980e+00  3.7879e-01 -4.2187 2.718e-05 ***      
                iis156                       -1.3637e+00  3.8773e-01 -3.5172 0.0004590 ***      
                iis160                       -1.2026e+00  4.1723e-01 -2.8822 0.0040473 **       
                iis224                       -2.1374e+00  4.4125e-01 -4.8440 1.509e-06 ***      
                iis226                       -2.0220e+00  4.4616e-01 -4.5321 6.665e-06 ***      
                iis227                       -2.2217e+00  4.3935e-01 -5.0569 5.210e-07 ***      
                iis329                       -1.4332e+00  3.6866e-01 -3.8876 0.0001090 ***      
                iis365                       -1.3461e+00  3.6905e-01 -3.6474 0.0002808 ***      
                iis457                        1.3716e+00  3.7016e-01  3.7055 0.0002245 ***      
                iis458                        2.0500e+00  3.7179e-01  5.5138 4.646e-08 ***      
                iis459                        1.7715e+00  3.7401e-01  4.7366 2.542e-06 ***      
                iis476                       -1.3634e+00  3.6882e-01 -3.6968 0.0002322 ***      
                iis521                       -1.1035e+00  3.8014e-01 -2.9030 0.0037908 **       
                iis652                        1.1272e+00  3.6955e-01  3.0501 0.0023575 **       
                iis653                       -1.0612e+00  3.7065e-01 -2.8630 0.0042985 **       
                iis705                        1.3153e+00  3.6875e-01  3.5669 0.0003812 ***      
                iis783                        1.7309e+00  3.8758e-01  4.4660 9.033e-06 ***      
                iis788                        9.7712e-01  3.7622e-01  2.5972 0.0095588 **       
                iis801                       -1.2647e+00  3.6866e-01 -3.4305 0.0006312 ***      
                iis952                        1.2309e+00  3.7066e-01  3.3208 0.0009355 ***      
                fesisAlaska.2007             -9.0369e-01  1.7878e-01 -5.0548 5.265e-07 ***      
                fesisArkansas.2009            1.0180e+00  1.8133e-01  5.6142 2.665e-08 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009        -6.3263e-01  1.6786e-01 -3.7688 0.0001752 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014           -8.5165e-01  1.7843e-01 -4.7730 2.133e-06 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2008 -6.8382e-01  2.5514e-01 -2.6801 0.0075001 **       
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2012  9.9862e-01  2.4672e-01  4.0476 5.642e-05 ***      
                fesisHawaii.2009             -6.6108e-01  1.9407e-01 -3.4064 0.0006887 ***      
                fesisHawaii.2015              8.3290e-01  2.9642e-01  2.8099 0.0050683 **       
                fesisIdaho.2002               1.1683e+00  3.6892e-01  3.1667 0.0015962 **       
                fesisNebraska.2011            6.3989e-01  1.7013e-01  3.7612 0.0001806 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2004        -9.3309e-01  2.2651e-01 -4.1193 4.167e-05 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008       8.4674e-01  1.7237e-01  4.9123 1.077e-06 ***      
                fesisSouthDakota.2008         1.1560e+00  1.8773e-01  6.1575 1.133e-09 ***      
                fesisSouthDakota.2019        -1.6927e+00  3.7662e-01 -4.4944 7.932e-06 ***      
                fesisWestVirginia.2013       -7.1500e-01  1.7152e-01 -4.1687 3.373e-05 ***      
                fesisWyoming.2017            -9.7826e-01  2.2900e-01 -4.2719 2.155e-05 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                   Chi-sq df p-value        
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.51824  1 0.47160        
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 4.38492  1 0.03626 *      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                                                 
                SE of regression    0.35513      
                R-squared           0.94438      
                Log-lik.(n=969)  -317.26342      
us_q30

                Formula: ihs_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_q30 (2000:2019); p.value: 0.01; AR: 1      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:09:19 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 684       
                Sample: 1 to 684       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                    coef   std.error   t-stat   p-value          
                ar1                           0.06002979  0.03370447   1.7811 0.0754013 .        
                lgdp                         -3.08049142 20.56869822  -0.1498 0.8809989          
                lpop                          6.41694667 22.88344616   0.2804 0.7792517          
                lgdp_sq                      -0.10373578  0.36064146  -0.2876 0.7737185          
                lfuel                         0.50835926  0.41535083   1.2239 0.2214537          
                idCalifornia                  2.18655018  0.11687837  18.7079 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idColorado                    0.32555559  0.08778916   3.7084 0.0002277 ***      
                idConnecticut                 0.94776047  0.11905253   7.9609 8.413e-15 ***      
                idDelaware                   -0.14491276  0.09700279  -1.4939 0.1357197          
                idDistrictofColumbia         -1.60039442  0.14475673 -11.0558 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idFlorida                     0.41246245  0.08826506   4.6730 3.658e-06 ***      
                idGeorgia                    -0.24996264  0.08738721  -2.8604 0.0043763 **       
                idIdaho                      -1.49074276  0.10421589 -14.3044 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIllinois                    0.40938527  0.08842747   4.6296 4.482e-06 ***      
                idIndiana                    -0.67785968  0.09054662  -7.4863 2.500e-13 ***      
                idIowa                       -2.47364372  0.28738653  -8.6074 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idKentucky                   -1.59004166  0.10890900 -14.5997 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMaryland                   -0.37936269  0.08807696  -4.3072 1.928e-05 ***      
                idMassachusetts               1.07262629  0.09547850  11.2342 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                    0.66051912  0.09030320   7.3145 8.194e-13 ***      
                idMinnesota                   0.24627301  0.08756347   2.8125 0.0050744 **       
                idMissouri                   -0.95873427  0.09540985 -10.0486 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNevada                     -0.79172327  0.10530173  -7.5186 1.995e-13 ***      
                idNewHampshire               -0.80904587  0.09145069  -8.8468 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewJersey                   0.30035496  0.08792391   3.4161 0.0006777 ***      
                idNewMexico                  -0.68645397  0.09020599  -7.6098 1.050e-13 ***      
                idNewYork                     1.30067384  0.09929658  13.0989 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthCarolina               0.31359859  0.08778456   3.5724 0.0003818 ***      
                idOhio                        0.65766100  0.09044458   7.2714 1.099e-12 ***      
                idOklahoma                   -1.21923718  0.09766971 -12.4833 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOregon                      0.43163614  0.16909779   2.5526 0.0109360 *        
                idPennsylvania                0.72399074  0.09092159   7.9628 8.295e-15 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                -0.57846378  0.17114747  -3.3799 0.0007715 ***      
                idSouthCarolina              -0.55654391  0.12095429  -4.6013 5.113e-06 ***      
                idTennessee                  -0.82000822  0.09455129  -8.6726 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idTexas                       0.83641613  0.09223083   9.0687 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idUtah                       -0.91560954  0.09421662  -9.7181 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idVirginia                   -0.00097605  0.08835124  -0.0110 0.9911893          
                idWashington                  0.20338941  0.08743955   2.3261 0.0203434 *        
                idWisconsin                  -0.02391738  0.08708231  -0.2747 0.7836765          
                time2001                     -0.18027990  2.78317212  -0.0648 0.9483745          
                time2002                     -0.05749371  2.64766126  -0.0217 0.9826825          
                time2003                      0.03293784  2.80304966   0.0118 0.9906284          
                time2004                      0.05766994  2.63322947   0.0219 0.9825342          
                time2005                      0.27003434  2.62204367   0.1030 0.9180079          
                time2006                      0.41027144  2.34941416   0.1746 0.8614308          
                time2007                      0.47809502  2.17319267   0.2200 0.8259476          
                time2008                      0.24560050  1.55977017   0.1575 0.8749351          
                time2009                      0.11119034  0.51880594   0.2143 0.8303696          
                time2010                     -0.03288497  0.40297312  -0.0816 0.9349870          
                time2011                     -0.17109129  0.39866305  -0.4292 0.6679569          
                time2012                     -0.16860564  0.35514594  -0.4748 0.6351355          
                time2013                     -0.23048214  0.32924033  -0.7000 0.4841687          
                time2014                     -0.51879214  0.35608368  -1.4569 0.1456495          
                time2015                     -0.03564694  0.12475432  -0.2857 0.7751768          
                iis99                        -1.39886144  0.29446159  -4.7506 2.533e-06 ***      
                iis103                       -1.03581266  0.33917874  -3.0539 0.0023578 **       
                iis153                       -1.22126165  0.28046006  -4.3545 1.565e-05 ***      
                iis211                        0.98225361  0.28179714   3.4857 0.0005263 ***      
                iis229                       -1.06765155  0.28099912  -3.7995 0.0001596 ***      
                iis234                       -1.52841986  0.28016017  -5.4555 7.114e-08 ***      
                iis324                       -1.42532625  0.28031379  -5.0848 4.909e-07 ***      
                iis360                       -0.93412871  0.29142149  -3.2054 0.0014193 **       
                iis551                       -0.93761298  0.28128551  -3.3333 0.0009103 ***      
                iis573                       -1.19256626  0.27981376  -4.2620 2.348e-05 ***      
                iis627                       -1.08712632  0.27984943  -3.8847 0.0001137 ***      
                iis628                       -1.15805136  0.28041474  -4.1298 4.139e-05 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009        -0.60531284  0.12833643  -4.7166 2.977e-06 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014           -0.81387309  0.13667223  -5.9549 4.402e-09 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2008 -0.85588418  0.22504580  -3.8032 0.0001573 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2011  1.09857981  0.21859629   5.0256 6.609e-07 ***      
                fesisIowa.2002                0.89388758  0.28107586   3.1802 0.0015464 **       
                fesisNevada.2012             -0.44496609  0.13416179  -3.3166 0.0009654 ***      
                fesisOregon.2004             -0.76737332  0.17287938  -4.4388 1.074e-05 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2004        -0.81687579  0.17345733  -4.7094 3.081e-06 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008       0.83202971  0.13212579   6.2973 5.809e-10 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                   Chi-sq df p-value      
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.13453  1  0.7138      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 2.09141  1  0.1481      
                                                
                SE of regression   0.26839      
                R-squared          0.94423      
                Log-lik.(n=684)  -32.88726      

0.05

us_all

                Formula: ihs_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_all (2000:2019); p.value: 0.05; AR: 1      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:09:39 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 969       
                Sample: 1 to 969       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                    coef   std.error  t-stat   p-value          
                ar1                           3.5999e-02  2.5489e-02  1.4123 0.1582317          
                lgdp                          1.3515e+04  1.7784e+04  0.7600 0.4474966          
                lpop                         -1.1327e+04  1.4915e+04 -0.7595 0.4477937          
                lgdp_sq                      -4.6061e+02  6.0552e+02 -0.7607 0.4470642          
                lfuel                        -2.7882e+01  3.7752e+01 -0.7386 0.4603911          
                idAlaska                     -2.2241e-01  2.4916e-01 -0.8926 0.3723182          
                idArizona                     2.6235e+00  2.2782e-01 11.5160 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idArkansas                   -3.3036e-01  2.7174e-01 -1.2157 0.2244493          
                idCalifornia                  4.8218e+00  2.4714e-01 19.5106 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idColorado                    2.9131e+00  2.2937e-01 12.7004 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idConnecticut                 3.5567e+00  2.4728e-01 14.3833 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDelaware                    2.4280e+00  2.3105e-01 10.5088 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDistrictofColumbia          9.3355e-01  2.4258e-01  3.8484 0.0001281 ***      
                idFlorida                     3.0024e+00  2.3002e-01 13.0528 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idGeorgia                     2.3244e+00  2.2621e-01 10.2755 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idHawaii                      1.0063e+00  2.3841e-01  4.2209 2.706e-05 ***      
                idIdaho                       1.0505e+00  2.2278e-01  4.7155 2.834e-06 ***      
                idIllinois                    3.0000e+00  2.3021e-01 13.0314 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIndiana                     1.8841e+00  2.2399e-01  8.4116 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIowa                        3.8665e-02  3.6318e-01  0.1065 0.9152417          
                idKansas                      6.7440e-01  2.2234e-01  3.0331 0.0024968 **       
                idKentucky                    9.4359e-01  2.2330e-01  4.2256 2.651e-05 ***      
                idLouisiana                   1.0200e+00  2.3328e-01  4.3724 1.387e-05 ***      
                idMaine                       9.3825e-01  2.2299e-01  4.2076 2.866e-05 ***      
                idMaryland                    2.1908e+00  2.2538e-01  9.7207 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMassachusetts               3.6802e+00  2.3567e-01 15.6160 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                    3.2572e+00  2.3202e-01 14.0382 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMinnesota                   2.8325e+00  2.2900e-01 12.3687 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMississippi                -2.0745e-01  2.4466e-01 -0.8479 0.3967465          
                idMissouri                    1.5963e+00  2.2379e-01  7.1327 2.167e-12 ***      
                idMontana                     1.7145e-02  2.2287e-01  0.0769 0.9386999          
                idNebraska                    8.1405e-01  3.6339e-01  2.2401 0.0253499 *        
                idNevada                      1.7700e+00  2.3098e-01  7.6631 5.137e-14 ***      
                idNewHampshire                1.7507e+00  2.2367e-01  7.8271 1.544e-14 ***      
                idNewJersey                   2.8887e+00  2.2957e-01 12.5829 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewMexico                   1.8764e+00  2.2412e-01  8.3722 2.440e-16 ***      
                idNewYork                     3.9143e+00  2.3793e-01 16.4513 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthCarolina               2.9012e+00  2.2937e-01 12.6486 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthDakota                -1.0290e-01  2.2483e-01 -0.4577 0.6473033          
                idOhio                        3.2547e+00  2.3214e-01 14.0204 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOklahoma                    1.3289e+00  2.2241e-01  5.9748 3.435e-09 ***      
                idOregon                      2.2922e+00  2.2714e-01 10.0912 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idPennsylvania                3.3223e+00  2.3253e-01 14.2877 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                 1.9842e+00  2.7178e-01  7.3006 6.792e-13 ***      
                idSouthCarolina               2.0148e+00  2.4111e-01  8.3560 2.768e-16 ***      
                idSouthDakota                -3.3830e-01  2.4339e-01 -1.3899 0.1649237          
                idTennessee                   1.7389e+00  2.2370e-01  7.7735 2.293e-14 ***      
                idTexas                       3.4377e+00  2.3351e-01 14.7220 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idUtah                        1.5835e+00  2.2324e-01  7.0935 2.832e-12 ***      
                idVermont                     6.7147e-01  2.2324e-01  3.0078 0.0027124 **       
                idVirginia                    2.5781e+00  2.2781e-01 11.3169 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWashington                  2.7887e+00  2.2877e-01 12.1901 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWestVirginia                1.9587e-01  2.2690e-01  0.8633 0.3882467          
                idWisconsin                   2.5551e+00  2.2723e-01 11.2446 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWyoming                     2.3771e-01  2.2414e-01  1.0605 0.2892092          
                time2001                     -4.7099e+02  6.1751e+02 -0.7627 0.4458459          
                time2002                     -4.9613e+02  6.5087e+02 -0.7623 0.4461204          
                time2003                     -5.0355e+02  6.6097e+02 -0.7618 0.4463716          
                time2004                     -5.8808e+02  7.7281e+02 -0.7610 0.4468966          
                time2005                     -5.8391e+02  7.6774e+02 -0.7605 0.4471451          
                time2006                     -4.7025e+02  6.1833e+02 -0.7605 0.4471585          
                time2007                     -3.8135e+02  5.0153e+02 -0.7604 0.4472557          
                time2008                     -2.3735e+02  3.1149e+02 -0.7620 0.4462842          
                time2009                     -7.6457e+01  1.0000e+02 -0.7646 0.4447564          
                time2010                     -5.3610e+01  6.9897e+01 -0.7670 0.4433094          
                time2011                     -5.0426e+01  6.5663e+01 -0.7680 0.4427364          
                time2012                     -3.0850e+01  3.9952e+01 -0.7722 0.4402289          
                time2013                     -2.1134e+01  2.7208e+01 -0.7768 0.4375194          
                time2014                      2.1913e+01  2.9906e+01  0.7327 0.4639361          
                time2015                      1.1662e+01  1.5480e+01  0.7534 0.4514506          
                iis4                         -1.2877e+00  3.1006e-01 -4.1531 3.624e-05 ***      
                iis10                        -1.2921e+00  3.0998e-01 -4.1682 3.397e-05 ***      
                iis13                        -9.5236e-01  3.1046e-01 -3.0676 0.0022292 **       
                iis17                        -1.5557e+00  3.1026e-01 -5.0140 6.539e-07 ***      
                iis22                         8.5439e-01  3.2722e-01  2.6111 0.0091906 **       
                iis41                        -8.3392e-01  3.0699e-01 -2.7165 0.0067377 **       
                iis58                         1.8354e+00  3.4529e-01  5.3155 1.373e-07 ***      
                iis63                        -1.8349e+00  3.1740e-01 -5.7809 1.057e-08 ***      
                iis64                        -1.4885e+00  3.1828e-01 -4.6767 3.409e-06 ***      
                iis65                        -1.4776e+00  3.1756e-01 -4.6528 3.818e-06 ***      
                iis72                        -1.6233e+00  3.1661e-01 -5.1271 3.675e-07 ***      
                iis76                        -1.8860e+00  4.2367e-01 -4.4515 9.710e-06 ***      
                iis156                       -1.3838e+00  3.2266e-01 -4.2887 2.012e-05 ***      
                iis160                       -1.1945e+00  3.4743e-01 -3.4381 0.0006155 ***      
                iis217                        6.3202e-01  3.1923e-01  1.9798 0.0480577 *        
                iis224                       -1.3491e+00  3.1909e-01 -4.2281 2.623e-05 ***      
                iis225                        1.3301e+00  3.2060e-01  4.1487 3.693e-05 ***      
                iis226                       -1.2427e+00  3.2119e-01 -3.8692 0.0001179 ***      
                iis227                       -1.4658e+00  3.2052e-01 -4.5732 5.545e-06 ***      
                iis229                       -1.2484e+00  3.0732e-01 -4.0622 5.330e-05 ***      
                iis315                       -9.6079e-01  3.0673e-01 -3.1324 0.0017957 **       
                iis324                       -1.0768e+00  3.0784e-01 -3.4981 0.0004938 ***      
                iis329                       -1.4758e+00  3.0720e-01 -4.8041 1.849e-06 ***      
                iis343                       -9.9952e-01  3.1517e-01 -3.1713 0.0015739 **       
                iis361                        8.3666e-01  3.3382e-01  2.5063 0.0123933 *        
                iis365                       -1.4195e+00  3.0753e-01 -4.6158 4.545e-06 ***      
                iis371                       -1.1173e+00  3.0755e-01 -3.6329 0.0002977 ***      
                iis457                        9.8632e-01  3.2292e-01  3.0544 0.0023283 **       
                iis458                        1.7197e+00  3.2336e-01  5.3184 1.352e-07 ***      
                iis459                        1.4538e+00  3.2477e-01  4.4762 8.674e-06 ***      
                iis469                       -7.0608e-01  3.1468e-01 -2.2438 0.0251115 *        
                iis476                       -1.4463e+00  3.0724e-01 -4.7073 2.947e-06 ***      
                iis505                        1.0352e+00  3.0677e-01  3.3744 0.0007746 ***      
                iis521                       -1.5072e+00  3.1626e-01 -4.7655 2.229e-06 ***      
                iis523                       -1.2793e+00  3.1479e-01 -4.0640 5.290e-05 ***      
                iis532                        1.6841e+00  4.2360e-01  3.9756 7.642e-05 ***      
                iis550                       -1.5860e+00  4.2323e-01 -3.7473 0.0001913 ***      
                iis652                        1.0930e+00  3.0798e-01  3.5491 0.0004086 ***      
                iis653                       -1.1077e+00  3.0903e-01 -3.5845 0.0003577 ***      
                iis657                       -9.6348e-01  3.0774e-01 -3.1308 0.0018053 **       
                iis705                        1.2997e+00  3.0696e-01  4.2339 2.557e-05 ***      
                iis783                        1.7152e+00  3.2251e-01  5.3183 1.353e-07 ***      
                iis788                        1.2497e+00  3.2234e-01  3.8768 0.0001143 ***      
                iis789                        9.9917e-01  3.2371e-01  3.0866 0.0020929 **       
                iis793                        7.4539e-01  3.2229e-01  2.3128 0.0209819 *        
                iis796                        8.6723e-01  3.2275e-01  2.6870 0.0073550 **       
                iis801                       -1.2589e+00  3.0683e-01 -4.1029 4.488e-05 ***      
                iis857                       -9.3536e-01  3.0743e-01 -3.0425 0.0024214 **       
                iis865                        7.8452e-01  3.0753e-01  2.5510 0.0109217 *        
                iis875                       -1.1841e+00  3.0730e-01 -3.8532 0.0001257 ***      
                iis925                       -1.3084e+00  3.1011e-01 -4.2193 2.725e-05 ***      
                iis952                        1.2435e+00  3.0796e-01  4.0378 5.903e-05 ***      
                iis967                       -1.1939e+00  3.0795e-01 -3.8769 0.0001143 ***      
                iis968                       -1.2193e+00  3.0963e-01 -3.9379 8.919e-05 ***      
                fesisAlabama.2003             1.0462e+00  2.2715e-01  4.6057 4.765e-06 ***      
                fesisAlaska.2007             -1.0321e+00  1.7682e-01 -5.8372 7.649e-09 ***      
                fesisAlaska.2014              6.2362e-01  1.6637e-01  3.7483 0.0001906 ***      
                fesisArkansas.2005            1.1589e+00  2.0235e-01  5.7275 1.432e-08 ***      
                fesisArkansas.2017           -1.1174e+00  3.1710e-01 -3.5240 0.0004487 ***      
                fesisArkansas.2018            1.3442e+00  4.2325e-01  3.1758 0.0015501 **       
                fesisConnecticut.2009        -6.2759e-01  1.3986e-01 -4.4872 8.252e-06 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014           -8.2089e-01  1.4867e-01 -5.5214 4.518e-08 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2008 -6.7890e-01  2.1251e-01 -3.1946 0.0014539 **       
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2012  9.8850e-01  2.0561e-01  4.8075 1.818e-06 ***      
                fesisHawaii.2009             -5.3097e-01  1.6031e-01 -3.3122 0.0009663 ***      
                fesisIowa.2002                1.9739e+00  4.2276e-01  4.6690 3.536e-06 ***      
                fesisIowa.2003               -1.0551e+00  3.0837e-01 -3.4214 0.0006539 ***      
                fesisLouisiana.2011          -9.3391e-01  1.8056e-01 -5.1722 2.911e-07 ***      
                fesisLouisiana.2015           9.0936e-01  2.1178e-01  4.2938 1.967e-05 ***      
                fesisMississippi.2010        -4.0587e-01  1.5839e-01 -2.5625 0.0105702 *        
                fesisNebraska.2002           -1.2780e+00  3.4517e-01 -3.7026 0.0002277 ***      
                fesisNebraska.2005            9.4824e-01  1.9921e-01  4.7599 2.290e-06 ***      
                fesisNebraska.2016            8.5957e-01  2.3522e-01  3.6543 0.0002743 ***      
                fesisNebraska.2018           -1.5234e+00  3.6573e-01 -4.1653 3.439e-05 ***      
                fesisNevada.2012             -5.7001e-01  1.5256e-01 -3.7363 0.0001998 ***      
                fesisNevada.2018              7.5556e-01  3.2310e-01  2.3384 0.0196043 *        
                fesisRhodeIsland.2004        -8.9267e-01  1.8869e-01 -4.7308 2.634e-06 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008       8.4246e-01  1.4351e-01  5.8705 6.313e-09 ***      
                fesisSouthDakota.2008         9.0639e-01  1.7383e-01  5.2143 2.339e-07 ***      
                fesisSouthDakota.2018        -8.4119e-01  2.4390e-01 -3.4489 0.0005918 ***      
                fesisWestVirginia.2015       -8.1221e-01  1.5783e-01 -5.1460 3.334e-07 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                  Chi-sq df p-value      
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   1.3503  1  0.2452      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 1.8062  1  0.1790      
                                                 
                SE of regression    0.29540      
                R-squared           0.96339      
                Log-lik.(n=969)  -117.81890      
us_q30

                Formula: ihs_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_q30 (2000:2019); p.value: 0.05; AR: 1      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:09:18 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 684       
                Sample: 1 to 684       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                  coef std.error   t-stat   p-value          
                ar1                           0.074889  0.030922   2.4219 0.0157436 *        
                lgdp                         -1.395048 19.021308  -0.0733 0.9415595          
                lpop                          4.693660 21.161931   0.2218 0.8245489          
                lgdp_sq                      -0.139879  0.333700  -0.4192 0.6752414          
                lfuel                         0.437856  0.385003   1.1373 0.2558867          
                idCalifornia                  2.108958  0.107500  19.6182 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idColorado                    0.308313  0.081635   3.7768 0.0001751 ***      
                idConnecticut                 0.886656  0.108793   8.1499 2.213e-15 ***      
                idDelaware                   -0.131080  0.090951  -1.4412 0.1500599          
                idDistrictofColumbia         -1.615936  0.132026 -12.2395 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idFlorida                     0.362881  0.081016   4.4791 9.013e-06 ***      
                idGeorgia                    -0.328404  0.081163  -4.0462 5.902e-05 ***      
                idIdaho                      -1.509947  0.095315 -15.8416 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIllinois                    0.359380  0.081170   4.4275 1.137e-05 ***      
                idIndiana                    -0.710139  0.082915  -8.5647 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIowa                       -1.599133  0.095564 -16.7336 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idKentucky                   -1.607808  0.099567 -16.1481 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMaryland                   -0.416753  0.080703  -5.1640 3.317e-07 ***      
                idMassachusetts               1.012140  0.087747  11.5348 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                    0.606753  0.082932   7.3163 8.430e-13 ***      
                idMinnesota                   0.198993  0.080346   2.4767 0.0135413 *        
                idMissouri                   -0.986416  0.087301 -11.2990 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNevada                     -0.900635  0.088848 -10.1368 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewHampshire               -0.834044  0.085907  -9.7087 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewJersey                   0.251770  0.080692   3.1202 0.0018964 **       
                idNewMexico                  -0.566178  0.105125  -5.3858 1.046e-07 ***      
                idNewYork                     1.236414  0.091282  13.5450 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthCarolina               0.265478  0.080558   3.2955 0.0010419 **       
                idOhio                        0.603662  0.083064   7.2674 1.176e-12 ***      
                idOklahoma                   -1.242957  0.089372 -13.9077 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOregon                      0.119016  0.184383   0.6455 0.5188684          
                idPennsylvania                0.669238  0.083510   8.0139 6.037e-15 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                -0.622665  0.155624  -4.0011 7.113e-05 ***      
                idSouthCarolina               0.013260  0.253803   0.0522 0.9583512          
                idTennessee                  -0.846233  0.086465  -9.7870 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idTexas                       0.779794  0.084730   9.2033 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idUtah                       -1.232015  0.129208  -9.5351 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idVirginia                   -0.043522  0.080980  -0.5374 0.5911677          
                idWashington                  0.156667  0.080226   1.9528 0.0513156 .        
                idWisconsin                  -0.066769  0.079853  -0.8361 0.4034156          
                time2001                     -0.449159  2.573487  -0.1745 0.8615068          
                time2002                     -0.293464  2.448179  -0.1199 0.9046270          
                time2003                     -0.175298  2.591847  -0.0676 0.9460996          
                time2004                     -0.149474  2.434896  -0.0614 0.9510709          
                time2005                      0.085611  2.424614   0.0353 0.9718451          
                time2006                      0.225569  2.172503   0.1038 0.9173405          
                time2007                      0.331301  2.009520   0.1649 0.8691063          
                time2008                      0.158663  1.442600   0.1100 0.9124599          
                time2009                      0.110962  0.480612   0.2309 0.8174913          
                time2010                     -0.027586  0.374324  -0.0737 0.9412782          
                time2011                     -0.123917  0.370950  -0.3341 0.7384590          
                time2012                     -0.166637  0.330629  -0.5040 0.6144511          
                time2013                     -0.191393  0.306689  -0.6241 0.5328302          
                time2014                     -0.445322  0.331018  -1.3453 0.1790452          
                time2015                     -0.047599  0.115822  -0.4110 0.6812493          
                iis3                         -0.821208  0.253272  -3.2424 0.0012526 **       
                iis40                        -0.586998  0.253215  -2.3182 0.0207830 *        
                iis87                        -0.791612  0.256487  -3.0864 0.0021219 **       
                iis99                        -1.409963  0.266268  -5.2953 1.683e-07 ***      
                iis103                       -1.034938  0.306933  -3.3719 0.0007958 ***      
                iis107                        0.876908  0.284486   3.0824 0.0021496 **       
                iis108                        0.865850  0.284556   3.0428 0.0024487 **       
                iis110                        0.931926  0.284702   3.2733 0.0011254 **       
                iis111                        1.076301  0.284625   3.7815 0.0001719 ***      
                iis113                        1.202421  0.284819   4.2217 2.810e-05 ***      
                iis114                        0.879425  0.285356   3.0819 0.0021538 **       
                iis144                        0.730668  0.253273   2.8849 0.0040594 **       
                iis153                       -1.210176  0.253780  -4.7686 2.344e-06 ***      
                iis210                       -0.881488  0.254343  -3.4657 0.0005675 ***      
                iis211                        0.985473  0.255113   3.8629 0.0001245 ***      
                iis229                       -1.064359  0.254256  -4.1862 3.273e-05 ***      
                iis234                       -1.501616  0.253435  -5.9250 5.328e-09 ***      
                iis324                       -1.418074  0.253639  -5.5909 3.466e-08 ***      
                iis355                       -0.830344  0.253960  -3.2696 0.0011402 **       
                iis356                       -0.856806  0.255054  -3.3593 0.0008321 ***      
                iis360                       -1.261341  0.253958  -4.9667 8.945e-07 ***      
                iis370                       -0.734323  0.253430  -2.8975 0.0039017 **       
                iis496                        0.752331  0.302360   2.4882 0.0131158 *        
                iis538                        0.622549  0.255396   2.4376 0.0150823 *        
                iis551                       -0.860205  0.255120  -3.3718 0.0007961 ***      
                iis568                        0.662455  0.258220   2.5655 0.0105513 *        
                iis569                        0.594767  0.259313   2.2936 0.0221653 *        
                iis573                       -1.230702  0.253159  -4.8614 1.499e-06 ***      
                iis624                       -0.963504  0.256298  -3.7593 0.0001875 ***      
                iis627                       -1.235506  0.256527  -4.8163 1.864e-06 ***      
                iis628                       -1.147641  0.253737  -4.5230 7.384e-06 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009        -0.591928  0.116128  -5.0972 4.659e-07 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014           -0.845177  0.125102  -6.7559 3.430e-11 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2008 -0.859883  0.203700  -4.2213 2.815e-05 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2011  0.458103  0.229439   1.9966 0.0463284 *        
                fesisNewHampshire.2019        0.622115  0.253787   2.4513 0.0145240 *        
                fesisNewMexico.2009          -0.630180  0.167298  -3.7668 0.0001820 ***      
                fesisNewMexico.2012           0.502848  0.166800   3.0147 0.0026839 **       
                fesisOregon.2004             -0.491172  0.186803  -2.6294 0.0087793 **       
                fesisRhodeIsland.2004        -0.836328  0.157797  -5.3000 1.642e-07 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2002      -0.710154  0.266494  -2.6648 0.0079156 **       
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008       0.823575  0.129075   6.3806 3.585e-10 ***      
                fesisUtah.2006                0.469693  0.131618   3.5686 0.0003883 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                   Chi-sq df p-value      
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.66136  1  0.4161      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 2.46273  1  0.1166      
                                               
                SE of regression  0.24267      
                R-squared         0.95606      
                Log-lik.(n=684)  47.02062      

Log Patent Count

0.01

us_all

                Formula: log_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_all (2000:2019); p.value: 0.01; AR: 1      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:03:03 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 969       
                Sample: 1 to 969       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                    coef   std.error  t-stat   p-value          
                ar1                           5.1807e-02  3.0254e-02  1.7124 0.0871834 .        
                lgdp                          1.1075e+04  1.7774e+04  0.6231 0.5333928          
                lpop                         -9.2852e+03  1.4906e+04 -0.6229 0.5335145          
                lgdp_sq                      -3.7723e+02  6.0517e+02 -0.6233 0.5332232          
                lfuel                        -2.3262e+01  3.7733e+01 -0.6165 0.5377395          
                idAlaska                     -5.2549e-01  1.4541e-01 -3.6139 0.0003190 ***      
                idArizona                     1.6322e+00  1.1235e-01 14.5274 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idArkansas                   -3.0094e-01  1.0467e-01 -2.8751 0.0041375 **       
                idCalifornia                  3.7925e+00  1.5648e-01 24.2362 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idColorado                    1.9471e+00  1.1714e-01 16.6217 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idConnecticut                 2.5397e+00  1.5305e-01 16.5943 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDelaware                    1.4882e+00  1.2042e-01 12.3582 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDistrictofColumbia          2.1996e-01  1.4432e-01  1.5241 0.1278392          
                idFlorida                     2.0303e+00  1.1864e-01 17.1128 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idGeorgia                     1.3946e+00  1.0959e-01 12.7256 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idHawaii                      3.3079e-01  1.2983e-01  2.5479 0.0110100 *        
                idIdaho                       2.3856e-01  9.9729e-02  2.3920 0.0169673 *        
                idIllinois                    2.0270e+00  1.1907e-01 17.0237 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIndiana                     9.9266e-01  1.0433e-01  9.5145 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIowa                        2.2099e-01  9.9716e-02  2.2162 0.0269349 *        
                idKansas                     -4.3210e-02  9.9396e-02 -0.4347 0.6638724          
                idKentucky                    1.6035e-01  1.0089e-01  1.5894 0.1123355          
                idLouisiana                   9.8070e-02  9.9441e-02  0.9862 0.3243039          
                idMaine                       9.9886e-02  9.9432e-02  1.0046 0.3153844          
                idMaryland                    1.2702e+00  1.0759e-01 11.8057 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMassachusetts               2.6799e+00  1.3168e-01 20.3514 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                    2.2734e+00  1.2334e-01 18.4324 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMinnesota                   1.8677e+00  1.1621e-01 16.0712 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMississippi                -9.0524e-01  1.0699e-01 -8.4607 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMissouri                    7.3709e-01  1.0340e-01  7.1288 2.132e-12 ***      
                idMontana                    -4.5581e-01  1.0022e-01 -4.5479 6.190e-06 ***      
                idNebraska                   -4.3904e-01  1.1782e-01 -3.7264 0.0002068 ***      
                idNevada                      6.8320e-01  1.0208e-01  6.6926 3.932e-11 ***      
                idNewHampshire                8.7528e-01  1.0358e-01  8.4504 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewJersey                   1.9212e+00  1.1756e-01 16.3427 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewMexico                   9.8668e-01  1.0464e-01  9.4295 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewYork                     2.9062e+00  1.3675e-01 21.2513 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthCarolina               1.9339e+00  1.1708e-01 16.5171 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthDakota                -5.7897e-01  1.0285e-01 -5.6295 2.440e-08 ***      
                idOhio                        2.2698e+00  1.2358e-01 18.3666 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOklahoma                    5.1402e-01  1.0077e-01  5.1007 4.157e-07 ***      
                idOregon                      1.3626e+00  1.1117e-01 12.2569 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idPennsylvania                2.3358e+00  1.2450e-01 18.7611 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                 1.1038e+00  1.9397e-01  5.6908 1.730e-08 ***      
                idSouthCarolina               1.1064e+00  1.4098e-01  7.8480 1.244e-14 ***      
                idSouthDakota                -5.4711e-01  1.3719e-01 -3.9880 7.226e-05 ***      
                idTennessee                   8.7088e-01  1.0385e-01  8.3858 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idTexas                       2.4466e+00  1.2677e-01 19.3001 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idUtah                        7.4114e-01  1.0267e-01  7.2186 1.148e-12 ***      
                idVermont                    -8.1227e-03  9.9400e-02 -0.0817 0.9348908          
                idVirginia                    1.6299e+00  1.1281e-01 14.4489 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWashington                  1.8272e+00  1.1567e-01 15.7975 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWestVirginia               -5.7655e-01  1.0066e-01 -5.7276 1.404e-08 ***      
                idWisconsin                   1.6092e+00  1.1203e-01 14.3635 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWyoming                    -3.2796e-01  1.0612e-01 -3.0904 0.0020628 **       
                time2001                     -3.8547e+02  6.1716e+02 -0.6246 0.5324060          
                time2002                     -4.0612e+02  6.5050e+02 -0.6243 0.5325749          
                time2003                     -4.1223e+02  6.6059e+02 -0.6240 0.5327669          
                time2004                     -4.8169e+02  7.7237e+02 -0.6237 0.5330164          
                time2005                     -4.7827e+02  7.6730e+02 -0.6233 0.5332406          
                time2006                     -3.8509e+02  6.1797e+02 -0.6232 0.5333451          
                time2007                     -3.1224e+02  5.0125e+02 -0.6229 0.5334988          
                time2008                     -1.9400e+02  3.1131e+02 -0.6232 0.5333259          
                time2009                     -6.2123e+01  9.9946e+01 -0.6216 0.5343912          
                time2010                     -4.3426e+01  6.9856e+01 -0.6216 0.5343374          
                time2011                     -4.0812e+01  6.5625e+01 -0.6219 0.5341677          
                time2012                     -2.4790e+01  3.9928e+01 -0.6209 0.5348424          
                time2013                     -1.6928e+01  2.7191e+01 -0.6226 0.5337338          
                time2014                      1.8392e+01  2.9890e+01  0.6153 0.5385013          
                time2015                      9.6563e+00  1.5470e+01  0.6242 0.5326589          
                iis58                         1.0483e+00  3.1925e-01  3.2836 0.0010661 **       
                iis63                        -1.0420e+00  3.1983e-01 -3.2581 0.0011654 **       
                iis76                        -9.1240e-01  3.1980e-01 -2.8530 0.0044339 **       
                iis156                       -1.0126e+00  3.3433e-01 -3.0287 0.0025286 **       
                iis224                       -9.3141e-01  3.3081e-01 -2.8156 0.0049795 **       
                iis225                        1.1429e+00  3.3189e-01  3.4438 0.0006012 ***      
                iis226                       -8.6232e-01  3.3254e-01 -2.5931 0.0096722 **       
                iis227                       -1.0182e+00  3.3163e-01 -3.0703 0.0022049 **       
                iis329                       -1.0978e+00  3.1801e-01 -3.4521 0.0005832 ***      
                iis457                        1.1000e+00  3.1938e-01  3.4442 0.0006003 ***      
                iis458                        1.6060e+00  3.2063e-01  5.0090 6.630e-07 ***      
                iis459                        1.3698e+00  3.2225e-01  4.2508 2.361e-05 ***      
                iis476                       -1.0112e+00  3.1816e-01 -3.1784 0.0015335 **       
                iis521                       -8.8426e-01  3.2466e-01 -2.7236 0.0065868 **       
                iis653                       -9.0592e-01  3.1905e-01 -2.8395 0.0046244 **       
                iis705                        1.2075e+00  3.1809e-01  3.7962 0.0001572 ***      
                iis798                       -1.3440e+00  3.2346e-01 -4.1551 3.573e-05 ***      
                iis801                       -9.8570e-01  3.1802e-01 -3.0995 0.0020013 **       
                iis875                       -1.0001e+00  3.1828e-01 -3.1421 0.0017342 **       
                iis952                        1.0071e+00  3.1976e-01  3.1495 0.0016914 **       
                fesisAlaska.2007             -9.8105e-01  1.7397e-01 -5.6393 2.310e-08 ***      
                fesisAlaska.2014              5.5286e-01  1.7245e-01  3.2060 0.0013952 **       
                fesisConnecticut.2009        -5.6784e-01  1.4482e-01 -3.9209 9.518e-05 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014           -7.4059e-01  1.5403e-01 -4.8081 1.796e-06 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2008 -1.0174e+00  2.1925e-01 -4.6405 4.013e-06 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2011  1.1970e+00  2.0746e-01  5.7699 1.104e-08 ***      
                fesisHawaii.2009             -5.3890e-01  1.6080e-01 -3.3514 0.0008389 ***      
                fesisNebraska.2013            5.7424e-01  1.5098e-01  3.8034 0.0001527 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2004        -7.9490e-01  1.9541e-01 -4.0679 5.177e-05 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008       7.9803e-01  1.4907e-01  5.3533 1.107e-07 ***      
                fesisSouthDakota.2008         7.0736e-01  1.5129e-01  4.6755 3.400e-06 ***      
                fesisWyoming.2017            -6.9241e-01  1.9716e-01 -3.5119 0.0004679 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                  Chi-sq df p-value      
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   1.0428  1  0.3072      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 1.1616  1  0.2811      
                                                 
                SE of regression    0.30636      
                R-squared           0.94561      
                Log-lik.(n=969)  -177.62425      
us_q30

                Formula: log_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_q30 (2000:2019); p.value: 0.01; AR: 1      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:01:27 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 684       
                Sample: 1 to 684       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                  coef std.error   t-stat   p-value          
                ar1                           0.081340  0.035478   2.2927 0.0222042 *        
                lgdp                         -0.796330 18.937845  -0.0420 0.9664729          
                lpop                          4.044668 21.072424   0.1919 0.8478520          
                lgdp_sq                      -0.156434  0.331653  -0.4717 0.6373241          
                lfuel                         0.498554  0.382082   1.3048 0.1924403          
                idCalifornia                  2.054413  0.114625  17.9229 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idColorado                    0.266464  0.082171   3.2428 0.0012482 **       
                idConnecticut                 0.848909  0.111483   7.6147 1.009e-13 ***      
                idDelaware                   -0.175636  0.090387  -1.9431 0.0524582 .        
                idDistrictofColumbia         -1.384828  0.132535 -10.4488 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idFlorida                     0.346992  0.082704   4.1956 3.125e-05 ***      
                idGeorgia                    -0.270544  0.081614  -3.3149 0.0009709 ***      
                idIdaho                      -1.389499  0.096208 -14.4426 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIllinois                    0.342865  0.082872   4.1373 4.008e-05 ***      
                idIndiana                    -0.658398  0.084730  -7.7705 3.322e-14 ***      
                idIowa                       -1.454056  0.096728 -15.0324 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idKentucky                   -1.463695  0.099604 -14.6951 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMaryland                   -0.390093  0.082305  -4.7396 2.667e-06 ***      
                idMassachusetts               0.975452  0.090781  10.7452 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                    0.582059  0.084993   6.8483 1.825e-11 ***      
                idMinnesota                   0.188779  0.081900   2.3050 0.0215011 *        
                idMissouri                   -0.908231  0.089209 -10.1810 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNevada                     -0.758430  0.098221  -7.7216 4.716e-14 ***      
                idNewHampshire               -0.773265  0.085626  -9.0308 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewJersey                   0.239849  0.082308   2.9140 0.0036984 **       
                idNewMexico                  -0.665346  0.084411  -7.8822 1.482e-14 ***      
                idNewYork                     1.194376  0.095047  12.5662 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthCarolina               0.253382  0.082154   3.0842 0.0021328 **       
                idOhio                        0.577968  0.085132   6.7891 2.678e-11 ***      
                idOklahoma                   -1.122293  0.091297 -12.2928 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOregon                      0.369153  0.156521   2.3585 0.0186637 *        
                idPennsylvania                0.642510  0.085684   7.4986 2.280e-13 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                -0.536668  0.158366  -3.3888 0.0007472 ***      
                idSouthCarolina              -0.538131  0.112359  -4.7894 2.102e-06 ***      
                idTennessee                  -0.776126  0.088216  -8.7980 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idTexas                       0.749702  0.087148   8.6026 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idUtah                       -0.857730  0.088071  -9.7391 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idVirginia                   -0.042333  0.082471  -0.5133 0.6079209          
                idWashington                  0.149391  0.081763   1.8271 0.0681687 .        
                idWisconsin                  -0.061383  0.081329  -0.7548 0.4506884          
                time2001                     -0.548275  2.561908  -0.2140 0.8306102          
                time2002                     -0.351407  2.437284  -0.1442 0.8854060          
                time2003                     -0.246561  2.580536  -0.0955 0.9239121          
                time2004                     -0.226723  2.424186  -0.0935 0.9255169          
                time2005                     -0.019473  2.414016  -0.0081 0.9935663          
                time2006                      0.133047  2.163055   0.0615 0.9509739          
                time2007                      0.217820  2.000875   0.1089 0.9133473          
                time2008                      0.036582  1.435723   0.0255 0.9796807          
                time2009                     -0.017390  0.476416  -0.0365 0.9708949          
                time2010                     -0.145827  0.369164  -0.3950 0.6929663          
                time2011                     -0.252451  0.365084  -0.6915 0.4895215          
                time2012                     -0.261388  0.325048  -0.8042 0.4216212          
                time2013                     -0.297130  0.301456  -0.9856 0.3246957          
                time2014                     -0.536958  0.326867  -1.6427 0.1009505          
                time2015                     -0.052446  0.114537  -0.4579 0.6471920          
                iis3                         -0.741274  0.257917  -2.8741 0.0041929 **       
                iis99                        -1.045690  0.271054  -3.8579 0.0001265 ***      
                iis103                       -0.917499  0.293605  -3.1249 0.0018627 **       
                iis211                        0.895940  0.258364   3.4677 0.0005617 ***      
                iis234                       -1.100727  0.257593  -4.2731 2.235e-05 ***      
                iis324                       -0.958357  0.257759  -3.7180 0.0002192 ***      
                iis360                       -0.755375  0.268353  -2.8149 0.0050372 **       
                iis573                       -0.936896  0.257777  -3.6345 0.0003020 ***      
                iis627                       -0.880522  0.257600  -3.4182 0.0006723 ***      
                iis628                       -0.939775  0.257876  -3.6443 0.0002909 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009        -0.567375  0.118338  -4.7945 2.050e-06 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014           -0.731702  0.125996  -5.8074 1.021e-08 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2008 -0.603009  0.179617  -3.3572 0.0008363 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2012  0.801562  0.174936   4.5820 5.584e-06 ***      
                fesisNevada.2012             -0.383389  0.123513  -3.1040 0.0019973 **       
                fesisOregon.2004             -0.723104  0.159274  -4.5400 6.778e-06 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2004        -0.789741  0.158988  -4.9673 8.824e-07 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008       0.758449  0.122000   6.2168 9.404e-10 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                   Chi-sq df p-value      
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.11873  1  0.7304      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 1.33436  1  0.2480      
                                               
                SE of regression  0.24716      
                R-squared         0.94406      
                Log-lik.(n=684)  21.98927      

0.05

us_all

                Formula: log_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_all (2000:2019); p.value: 0.05; AR: 1      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:02:49 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 969       
                Sample: 1 to 969       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                    coef   std.error  t-stat   p-value          
                ar1                           2.9287e-02  2.7198e-02  1.0768 0.2818823          
                lgdp                          1.7975e+04  1.5250e+04  1.1787 0.2388483          
                lpop                         -1.5070e+04  1.2789e+04 -1.1783 0.2390136          
                lgdp_sq                      -6.1233e+02  5.1922e+02 -1.1793 0.2386118          
                lfuel                        -3.7578e+01  3.2373e+01 -1.1608 0.2460712          
                idAlaska                     -8.8070e-01  1.3595e-01 -6.4779 1.600e-10 ***      
                idArizona                     1.4707e+00  1.0400e-01 14.1415 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idArkansas                   -9.3605e-01  1.6575e-01 -5.6474 2.244e-08 ***      
                idCalifornia                  3.6420e+00  1.4307e-01 25.4566 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idColorado                    1.7528e+00  1.0761e-01 16.2884 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idConnecticut                 2.3679e+00  1.3744e-01 17.2289 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDelaware                    1.2874e+00  1.0939e-01 11.7684 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDistrictofColumbia         -8.1670e-03  1.2659e-01 -0.0645 0.9485760          
                idFlorida                     1.8381e+00  1.0897e-01 16.8676 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idGeorgia                     1.1513e+00  1.0192e-01 11.2962 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idHawaii                      1.0249e-01  1.1513e-01  0.8902 0.3736257          
                idIdaho                      -7.7192e-01  2.6957e-01 -2.8635 0.0042969 **       
                idIllinois                    1.8353e+00  1.0936e-01 16.7829 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIndiana                     7.7580e-01  9.5861e-02  8.0930 2.088e-15 ***      
                idIowa                       -5.8800e-01  2.6955e-01 -2.1814 0.0294341 *        
                idKansas                     -2.4168e-01  9.2077e-02 -2.6248 0.0088312 **       
                idKentucky                   -7.8160e-02  9.2224e-02 -0.8475 0.3969634          
                idLouisiana                  -3.8049e-02  1.0769e-01 -0.3533 0.7239403          
                idMaine                      -3.5221e-02  9.3227e-02 -0.3778 0.7056814          
                idMaryland                    1.0604e+00  9.8887e-02 10.7236 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMassachusetts               2.5037e+00  1.2075e-01 20.7339 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                    2.0874e+00  1.1322e-01 18.4355 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMinnesota                   1.6720e+00  1.0676e-01 15.6610 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMississippi                -9.3274e-01  1.2704e-01 -7.3424 5.052e-13 ***      
                idMissouri                    5.1401e-01  9.4752e-02  5.4248 7.635e-08 ***      
                idMontana                    -7.4640e-01  9.2577e-02 -8.0624 2.634e-15 ***      
                idNebraska                   -6.9646e-01  1.2712e-01 -5.4786 5.703e-08 ***      
                idNevada                      6.7622e-01  1.0844e-01  6.2361 7.167e-10 ***      
                idNewHampshire                6.5651e-01  9.5155e-02  6.8993 1.043e-11 ***      
                idNewJersey                   1.7275e+00  1.0799e-01 15.9972 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewMexico                   7.7056e-01  9.6146e-02  8.0144 3.787e-15 ***      
                idNewYork                     2.7356e+00  1.2532e-01 21.8283 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthCarolina               1.7395e+00  1.0756e-01 16.1728 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthDakota                -8.3813e-01  9.5973e-02 -8.7330 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOhio                        2.0840e+00  1.1344e-01 18.3703 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOklahoma                    2.8591e-01  9.2471e-02  3.0919 0.0020557 **       
                idOregon                      1.5910e+00  2.0642e-01  7.7078 3.691e-14 ***      
                idPennsylvania                2.1511e+00  1.1428e-01 18.8243 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                 8.8644e-01  1.6790e-01  5.2797 1.657e-07 ***      
                idSouthCarolina               9.0360e-01  1.2517e-01  7.2192 1.191e-12 ***      
                idSouthDakota                -8.7724e-01  1.3590e-01 -6.4550 1.848e-10 ***      
                idTennessee                   6.4825e-01  9.5182e-02  6.8107 1.876e-11 ***      
                idTexas                       2.2647e+00  1.1632e-01 19.4696 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idUtah                        5.1983e-01  9.4300e-02  5.5126 4.735e-08 ***      
                idVermont                    -2.4738e-01  9.3191e-02 -2.6545 0.0080959 **       
                idVirginia                    1.4274e+00  1.0348e-01 13.7935 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWashington                  1.6308e+00  1.0627e-01 15.3462 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWestVirginia               -6.3140e-01  1.0211e-01 -6.1833 9.881e-10 ***      
                idWisconsin                   1.4072e+00  1.0296e-01 13.6678 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idWyoming                    -5.7222e-01  9.6053e-02 -5.9573 3.799e-09 ***      
                time2001                     -6.2547e+02  5.2950e+02 -1.1812 0.2378525          
                time2002                     -6.5900e+02  5.5811e+02 -1.1808 0.2380383          
                time2003                     -6.6901e+02  5.6677e+02 -1.1804 0.2381838          
                time2004                     -7.8171e+02  6.6268e+02 -1.1796 0.2384872          
                time2005                     -7.7632e+02  6.5833e+02 -1.1792 0.2386497          
                time2006                     -6.2519e+02  5.3021e+02 -1.1791 0.2386829          
                time2007                     -5.0704e+02  4.3006e+02 -1.1790 0.2387402          
                time2008                     -3.1521e+02  2.6710e+02 -1.1801 0.2382848          
                time2009                     -1.0130e+02  8.5751e+01 -1.1814 0.2377937          
                time2010                     -7.0895e+01  5.9936e+01 -1.1829 0.2372105          
                time2011                     -6.6656e+01  5.6305e+01 -1.1838 0.2368230          
                time2012                     -4.0640e+01  3.4258e+01 -1.1863 0.2358519          
                time2013                     -2.7757e+01  2.3330e+01 -1.1897 0.2344920          
                time2014                      2.9682e+01  2.5645e+01  1.1574 0.2474273          
                time2015                      1.5606e+01  1.3273e+01  1.1757 0.2400384          
                iis2                         -8.5102e-01  2.6992e-01 -3.1529 0.0016752 **       
                iis4                         -8.6329e-01  2.6987e-01 -3.1989 0.0014326 **       
                iis10                        -1.0188e+00  2.6980e-01 -3.7761 0.0001708 ***      
                iis13                        -7.4092e-01  2.7007e-01 -2.7435 0.0062121 **       
                iis17                        -1.0947e+00  2.6989e-01 -4.0561 5.465e-05 ***      
                iis22                         6.5934e-01  2.8555e-01  2.3090 0.0211906 *        
                iis41                        -7.5797e-01  2.6796e-01 -2.8287 0.0047875 **       
                iis58                         1.4265e+00  3.0110e-01  4.7377 2.546e-06 ***      
                iis63                        -1.3359e+00  2.7398e-01 -4.8760 1.300e-06 ***      
                iis64                        -1.0327e+00  2.7454e-01 -3.7616 0.0001808 ***      
                iis65                        -1.0685e+00  2.7386e-01 -3.9016 0.0001034 ***      
                iis72                        -1.1379e+00  2.7319e-01 -4.1654 3.437e-05 ***      
                iis76                        -1.1893e+00  2.7381e-01 -4.3436 1.577e-05 ***      
                iis156                       -1.0223e+00  2.8155e-01 -3.6310 0.0002998 ***      
                iis160                       -8.5612e-01  3.0313e-01 -2.8242 0.0048539 **       
                iis201                        7.0646e-01  2.6790e-01  2.6370 0.0085213 **       
                iis224                       -9.6595e-01  2.7847e-01 -3.4688 0.0005499 ***      
                iis225                        1.1253e+00  2.7946e-01  4.0266 6.183e-05 ***      
                iis226                       -8.4172e-01  2.8024e-01 -3.0035 0.0027494 **       
                iis227                       -1.0822e+00  2.7929e-01 -3.8750 0.0001151 ***      
                iis315                       -7.9287e-01  2.6776e-01 -2.9611 0.0031532 **       
                iis329                       -1.0754e+00  2.6774e-01 -4.0166 6.445e-05 ***      
                iis361                        6.8644e-01  2.9132e-01  2.3563 0.0186914 *        
                iis365                       -1.0291e+00  2.6829e-01 -3.8358 0.0001348 ***      
                iis371                       -9.3475e-01  2.6837e-01 -3.4831 0.0005218 ***      
                iis457                        8.7172e-01  2.8160e-01  3.0956 0.0020309 **       
                iis458                        1.3930e+00  2.8222e-01  4.9360 9.654e-07 ***      
                iis459                        1.1861e+00  2.8337e-01  4.1858 3.148e-05 ***      
                iis469                       -5.7778e-01  2.7456e-01 -2.1044 0.0356447 *        
                iis476                       -1.0164e+00  2.6792e-01 -3.7935 0.0001594 ***      
                iis505                        7.7058e-01  2.6775e-01  2.8780 0.0041063 **       
                iis521                       -1.0622e+00  2.8278e-01 -3.7564 0.0001845 ***      
                iis523                       -9.1125e-01  2.8150e-01 -3.2372 0.0012556 **       
                iis532                        1.2800e+00  3.6951e-01  3.4641 0.0005595 ***      
                iis550                       -1.2829e+00  3.6932e-01 -3.4737 0.0005403 ***      
                iis652                        8.0207e-01  2.6876e-01  2.9843 0.0029263 **       
                iis653                       -8.5945e-01  2.6959e-01 -3.1880 0.0014868 **       
                iis657                       -7.6249e-01  2.6862e-01 -2.8385 0.0046440 **       
                iis705                        7.7007e-01  3.1973e-01  2.4085 0.0162382 *        
                iis783                        1.2084e+00  2.8544e-01  4.2336 2.560e-05 ***      
                iis785                       -5.9396e-01  2.8545e-01 -2.0808 0.0377634 *        
                iis788                        1.0738e+00  2.8130e-01  3.8173 0.0001450 ***      
                iis789                        8.4594e-01  2.8261e-01  2.9933 0.0028420 **       
                iis793                        6.0488e-01  2.8127e-01  2.1505 0.0318063 *        
                iis796                        1.3624e+00  3.1935e-01  4.2661 2.221e-05 ***      
                iis801                       -9.7176e-01  2.6780e-01 -3.6287 0.0003024 ***      
                iis857                       -6.2388e-01  2.6832e-01 -2.3252 0.0203058 *        
                iis865                        6.1434e-01  2.6844e-01  2.2885 0.0223590 *        
                iis875                       -1.0108e+00  2.6801e-01 -3.7716 0.0001738 ***      
                iis952                        1.0039e+00  2.6931e-01  3.7276 0.0002066 ***      
                fesisAlaska.2007             -8.9717e-01  1.5453e-01 -5.8058 9.146e-09 ***      
                fesisAlaska.2014              5.5016e-01  1.4523e-01  3.7881 0.0001628 ***      
                fesisArkansas.2005            7.1985e-01  1.7174e-01  4.1914 3.072e-05 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009        -5.9363e-01  1.2226e-01 -4.8555 1.437e-06 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014           -7.6733e-01  1.3000e-01 -5.9026 5.231e-09 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2008 -6.3060e-01  1.8566e-01 -3.3965 0.0007153 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2012  8.4979e-01  1.7935e-01  4.7381 2.541e-06 ***      
                fesisHawaii.2009             -5.5469e-01  1.3563e-01 -4.0899 4.741e-05 ***      
                fesisIdaho.2002               8.1919e-01  2.6795e-01  3.0573 0.0023059 **       
                fesisIowa.2002                1.4605e+00  3.6881e-01  3.9599 8.149e-05 ***      
                fesisIowa.2003               -9.0430e-01  2.6886e-01 -3.3635 0.0008052 ***      
                fesisLouisiana.2011          -7.0790e-01  1.5542e-01 -4.5547 6.041e-06 ***      
                fesisLouisiana.2015           7.4895e-01  1.8485e-01  4.0518 5.565e-05 ***      
                fesisMississippi.2010        -3.1321e-01  1.3826e-01 -2.2654 0.0237479 *        
                fesisNebraska.2007            8.2867e-01  2.8142e-01  2.9446 0.0033252 **       
                fesisNebraska.2008           -6.3234e-01  2.8157e-01 -2.2458 0.0249842 *        
                fesisNebraska.2016            8.0050e-01  2.1423e-01  3.7366 0.0001994 ***      
                fesisNebraska.2018           -1.1849e+00  3.1906e-01 -3.7137 0.0002180 ***      
                fesisNevada.2012             -5.1019e-01  1.3329e-01 -3.8276 0.0001392 ***      
                fesisNevada.2018              6.2866e-01  2.8197e-01  2.2295 0.0260494 *        
                fesisOregon.2004             -4.8796e-01  1.9680e-01 -2.4794 0.0133584 *        
                fesisRhodeIsland.2004        -8.0779e-01  1.6475e-01 -4.9033 1.136e-06 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008       7.9809e-01  1.2565e-01  6.3517 3.522e-10 ***      
                fesisSouthDakota.2008         5.1102e-01  1.5875e-01  3.2191 0.0013364 **       
                fesisSouthDakota.2017        -6.1364e-01  2.1285e-01 -2.8830 0.0040418 **       
                fesisWestVirginia.2013       -5.3593e-01  1.2468e-01 -4.2985 1.926e-05 ***      
                fesisWyoming.2017            -7.1279e-01  1.6626e-01 -4.2871 2.025e-05 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                   Chi-sq df p-value      
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.23862  1  0.6252      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 0.19367  1  0.6599      
                                               
                SE of regression  0.25779      
                R-squared         0.96349      
                Log-lik.(n=969)  12.11661      
us_q30

                Formula: log_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq + lfuel      
                us_q30 (2000:2019); p.value: 0.05; AR: 1      
                      
                Date: Sat Apr  1 14:01:31 2023       
                Dependent var.: y       
                Method: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)      
                Variance-Covariance: Ordinary       
                No. of observations (mean eq.): 684       
                Sample: 1 to 684       
                      
                SPECIFIC mean equation:      
                      
                                                   coef  std.error   t-stat   p-value          
                ar1                           0.0882223  0.0326667   2.7007 0.0071189 **       
                lgdp                          0.6016326 17.4905400   0.0344 0.9725718          
                lpop                          2.6468754 19.4444035   0.1361 0.8917687          
                lgdp_sq                      -0.1875343  0.3074644  -0.6099 0.5421379          
                lfuel                         0.4145040  0.3510013   1.1809 0.2381116          
                idCalifornia                  2.0400784  0.1042312  19.5726 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idColorado                    0.2943104  0.0747701   3.9362 9.267e-05 ***      
                idConnecticut                 0.8516170  0.1004802   8.4755 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idDelaware                   -0.1156936  0.0831572  -1.3913 0.1646711          
                idDistrictofColumbia         -1.3643546  0.1195156 -11.4157 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idFlorida                     0.3454141  0.0742998   4.6489 4.122e-06 ***      
                idGeorgia                    -0.3049187  0.0742230  -4.1081 4.554e-05 ***      
                idIdaho                      -1.3362613  0.0877465 -15.2287 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIllinois                    0.3411112  0.0744595   4.5812 5.647e-06 ***      
                idIndiana                    -0.6524522  0.0761986  -8.5625 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idIowa                       -1.9458258  0.2372930  -8.2001 1.510e-15 ***      
                idKentucky                   -1.4154820  0.0914205 -15.4832 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMaryland                   -0.3863043  0.0739146  -5.2264 2.404e-07 ***      
                idMassachusetts               0.9689630  0.0819129  11.8292 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idMichigan                    0.5786048  0.0764620   7.5672 1.476e-13 ***      
                idMinnesota                   0.4386143  0.1067110   4.1103 4.512e-05 ***      
                idMissouri                   -0.8980130  0.0803759 -11.1727 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNevada                     -0.7531537  0.0882891  -8.5305 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewHampshire               -0.7604362  0.0789841  -9.6277 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNewJersey                   0.2387283  0.0739257   3.2293 0.0013100 **       
                idNewMexico                  -0.5035726  0.0962018  -5.2345 2.304e-07 ***      
                idNewYork                     1.1861693  0.0859205  13.8054 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idNorthCarolina               0.2524640  0.0737795   3.4219 0.0006650 ***      
                idOhio                        0.5744221  0.0765934   7.4996 2.368e-13 ***      
                idOklahoma                   -1.1129099  0.0823729 -13.5106 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idOregon                     -0.1931937  0.2315892  -0.8342 0.4045017          
                idPennsylvania                0.6386135  0.0771135   8.2815 8.204e-16 ***      
                idRhodeIsland                -0.5335541  0.1422899  -3.7498 0.0001945 ***      
                idSouthCarolina               0.0260935  0.2320970   0.1124 0.9105247          
                idTennessee                  -0.7700084  0.0794428  -9.6926 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idTexas                       0.7449631  0.0784937   9.4907 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idUtah                       -0.8107421  0.0803564 -10.0893 < 2.2e-16 ***      
                idVirginia                   -0.0383966  0.0740278  -0.5187 0.6041796          
                idWashington                  0.1490933  0.0734093   2.0310 0.0427050 *        
                idWisconsin                  -0.0599824  0.0729968  -0.8217 0.4115729          
                time2001                     -0.7681470  2.3680421  -0.3244 0.7457650          
                time2002                     -0.6032968  2.2525631  -0.2678 0.7889264          
                time2003                     -0.5080589  2.3842184  -0.2131 0.8313286          
                time2004                     -0.4467070  2.2398217  -0.1994 0.8419885          
                time2005                     -0.2104229  2.2299060  -0.0944 0.9248521          
                time2006                     -0.0412328  1.9980736  -0.0206 0.9835428          
                time2007                      0.0898429  1.8481341   0.0486 0.9612444          
                time2008                     -0.0324119  1.3275839  -0.0244 0.9805305          
                time2009                     -0.0077507  0.4432986  -0.0175 0.9860562          
                time2010                     -0.1412034  0.3442350  -0.4102 0.6818122          
                time2011                     -0.2192076  0.3400732  -0.6446 0.5194443          
                time2012                     -0.2347233  0.3022256  -0.7766 0.4376775          
                time2013                     -0.2600081  0.2785162  -0.9335 0.3509199          
                time2014                     -0.4941983  0.3004427  -1.6449 0.1005239          
                time2015                     -0.0596381  0.1048269  -0.5689 0.5696273          
                iis3                         -0.7176657  0.2315698  -3.0991 0.0020335 **       
                iis40                        -0.5469847  0.2314227  -2.3636 0.0184234 *        
                iis87                        -0.7628330  0.2344475  -3.2537 0.0012042 **       
                iis99                        -1.0388721  0.2433199  -4.2696 2.283e-05 ***      
                iis103                       -0.8966610  0.2638497  -3.3984 0.0007236 ***      
                iis144                        0.7036245  0.2316269   3.0377 0.0024891 **       
                iis153                       -0.7966932  0.2319526  -3.4347 0.0006349 ***      
                iis211                        0.8773081  0.2324249   3.7746 0.0001765 ***      
                iis229                       -0.6802965  0.2326051  -2.9247 0.0035807 **       
                iis234                       -1.1045896  0.2316845  -4.7676 2.352e-06 ***      
                iis324                       -1.0018210  0.2319355  -4.3194 1.836e-05 ***      
                iis360                       -1.2920151  0.3201391  -4.0358 6.160e-05 ***      
                iis370                       -0.6964624  0.2317550  -3.0052 0.0027673 **       
                iis503                       -0.5607305  0.2326038  -2.4107 0.0162286 *        
                iis538                        0.5606199  0.2333718   2.4023 0.0166026 *        
                iis551                       -0.6210871  0.2332850  -2.6624 0.0079716 **       
                iis568                        0.6224496  0.2361357   2.6360 0.0086105 **       
                iis569                        0.5605638  0.2372506   2.3628 0.0184639 *        
                iis573                       -0.9108843  0.2314128  -3.9362 9.268e-05 ***      
                iis624                       -0.7349554  0.2315913  -3.1735 0.0015846 **       
                iis627                       -0.8995076  0.2319190  -3.8785 0.0001169 ***      
                iis628                       -0.9815138  0.2320339  -4.2300 2.709e-05 ***      
                fesisConnecticut.2009        -0.5776782  0.1065190  -5.4232 8.554e-08 ***      
                fesisDelaware.2014           -0.7829036  0.1146767  -6.8270 2.162e-11 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2008 -0.6297810  0.1616167  -3.8968 0.0001087 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2012  0.8292886  0.1684224   4.9239 1.103e-06 ***      
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2017 -0.6415848  0.2471664  -2.5958 0.0096735 **       
                fesisDistrictofColumbia.2018  0.9233196  0.2761719   3.3433 0.0008805 ***      
                fesisIowa.2002                0.5320993  0.2323725   2.2899 0.0223824 *        
                fesisMinnesota.2007          -0.3659310  0.1117424  -3.2748 0.0011195 **       
                fesisNevada.2012             -0.4733971  0.1158924  -4.0848 5.022e-05 ***      
                fesisNevada.2018              0.6529545  0.2443671   2.6720 0.0077482 **       
                fesisNewHampshire.2019        0.5768078  0.2321379   2.4848 0.0132403 *        
                fesisNewMexico.2009          -0.6100910  0.1531028  -3.9848 7.599e-05 ***      
                fesisNewMexico.2012           0.4682480  0.1525527   3.0694 0.0022435 **       
                fesisOregon.2002              0.8371903  0.2763035   3.0300 0.0025531 **       
                fesisOregon.2004             -0.9591685  0.1711222  -5.6052 3.199e-08 ***      
                fesisRhodeIsland.2004        -0.7784702  0.1444557  -5.3890 1.026e-07 ***      
                fesisSouthCarolina.2002      -0.6427620  0.2436876  -2.6376 0.0085689 **       
                fesisSouthCarolina.2008       0.7332488  0.1181540   6.2059 1.026e-09 ***      
                ---      
                Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1      
                      
                Diagnostics and fit:      
                      
                                   Chi-sq df p-value      
                Ljung-Box AR(1)   0.17072  1  0.6795      
                Ljung-Box ARCH(1) 0.11704  1  0.7323      
                                                
                SE of regression   0.22184      
                R-squared          0.95656      
                Log-lik.(n=684)  106.92467      

Policy attribution

Database description

Policy attribution

Model specification of attributed breaks

  • Time series: 2000:2019
  • Sample: us_q30
  • Function: log_patent_count ~ lgdp + lpop + lgdp_sq
  • p-val: 0.01
  • AR(1)
  • Applied interval of +/- 5y

Reflection and questions

  • How to look for policies when there’s a negative break? Should I look for the year when policies have stopped? Difficult to establish from the database

  • What is the influence of rebate/loan programs in the patent context? There’s a lot of them - for now gave more importance to standards / incentives / big projects. I’ve never seen them in the other policy databases.

  • What is the influence of interconnection standards in the patent context? it is a policy, together with Renewable Portfolio Standards, that appears in every state (not always relevant in the interval of years though)

General findings:

  • states with lots of policies are also high patenting states!

  • a lot of RE investment in houses through the ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 - post crisis).

  • issue with NAs in the years

General feeling: when there’s a break, it is likely that around that period the state started issuing programs of renewable energy policies.

Breaks (8):

Here you find the main policies that were found in the database. Here I only put the ones that I considered the most relevant, on which I did a deeper research. For a more complete overview I would suggest to have a look at the excel sheet “attributed_policies”, where you find all the policies that I found in the database in the relevant interval of time.

Connecticut 2009 (-)

  • Renewable Portfolio Standards (2006)

  • Clean Energy Fund (1998): The fund, created by PA 98-28, supports a wide range of renewable and clean energy projects and renewable energy technologies, including fuel cells.

  • PROJECT 150 (2003): PA 03-135 required electric companies to enter into minimum 10-year contracts for at least 100 megawatts of class I renewable power (PA 07-242 increased the amount to 150 megawatts). Class I resources include solar and wind energy as well as power produced by fuel cells. The power must come from facilities with a capacity of at least one megawatt that have received funding from the Clean Energy Fund. The law entitles generators who enter into these contracts to choose from two pricing mechanisms that are tied to market prices for power plus a premium. 2007 the Clean Energy Fund provided $176,000 to the University of Connecticut. The university, in collaboration with the United Technologies Company, used the funding to create advanced optical diagnostic tools to help develop proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems. Also in 2007, the fund provided a 600,000 grant, through its Operational Demonstration Program, to support a project to separate excess hydrogen generated by high-temperature fuel cells through a process that requires relatively low energy consumption and is less expensive than existing mechanical separation technologies.

  • Fuell Cell Initiative (2003)

Delaware 2014 (-)

  • Renewable Portfolio Standards (2005) –> In 2005, Senate Bill 74 established a renewables portfolio standard (RPS) requiring Delaware retail electricity suppliers to purchase 10% of theelectricity sold in the state from renewable sources by 2019. Senate Bill 19 of 2007 increased the RPS target to 20%, and added a requirement that a portion of the requirement be met with solar photovoltaic (PV) resources. Thestandard was expanded again to 25% renewables and 3.5% photovoltaics by 2026by S.S. 1 for S.B. 119 enacted in July 2010. The PV target began at 0.011% forthe June 2008 - May 2009 compliance year (CY 2009) and accelerates slowly overtime towards an ultimate target of 3.5% for compliance year 2025-2026. The RPS applies to the state’s investor-owned utilities, retail electricity suppliers,municipal utilities, and rural electric cooperatives. Municipal utilities and rural electric cooperatives are allowed to opt out of the RPS requirements if they establish a comparable RPS program for their own ratepayers by 2013, and establish a green energy fund.
    Credit multipliers: Several compliance multipliers are currently available under the Delaware RPS. One of those multipliers –> 300% credit toward RPS compliance for in-state customer-sited photovoltaic generation and fuel cells using renewable fuels that are installed on or before December 31, 2014. The 300% multiplier cannot be applied to SRECs used for compliance with the PV carve-out, thus for PV carve-out compliance purposes, SRECs are counted on a 1-to-1 basis. The 300% credit formerly applied to all solar electric generation prior to the 2007 amendments.(https://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/1231/renewables-portfolio-standard)

District of Columbia 2008 (-); 2012 (+)

  • In October 2008, the District of Columbia enacted the Clean and Affordable Energy Act (CAEA), which effectively eliminated the RETF and replaced it with the Sustainable Energy Trust Fund (SETF) in 2011. –> This program is administered by the third-party DC Sustainable Energy Utility (DCSEU) which develops, coordinates,and provides programs for promoting the sustainable use of energy in the District of Columbia. Since 2011, DCSEU has saved residents $1.2 billion inenergy, invested over fifty million in low-income communities, and prevented 6.2 million tons of greenhouse gases. Notable expendituresinclude $2.4M to low-income multifamily projects, $814,000 in energy rebatesto businesses, $1.1M to workforce development, and $4.4M to custom commercial renovations and installations.Programs In the past, the RETF program supported weatherization measures; appliance replacements for low-income residents; RAD extension; LIHEAP expansion and education; energy efficiency for small businesses, institutions and nonprofits; ENERGY STAR appliance and lighting rebates, home energy ratings and loan promotions, public education and outreach, distributed generation and net metering; and renewable-energy demonstration projects.

  • Solar Renewable Energy Credits 2005-2006: The solar requirements began in 2007 at 0.005% of retail electricity sales and increase annually

  • Renewable Portfolio Standards (2005)

  • Community Renewable Energy Amendment Act (2013): This program sets a production capacity of 5MW on all systems, along with a minimum of two (2)subscribers. Community renewable energy facilities (CREF) may offset no more than 120% of the subscriber’s electricity consumption over the prior 12months. All individual billing meters must be within the District of Columbia.Credit rates will be applied to customer’s each billing month, and will be allocated by multiplying the quantity of kilowatt hours allocated to each subscriber by the subscriber’s CREF credit rate. The CREF credit rate is equal to to the standard offer service rate for the General Service Low Voltage Non-Demand Customer class or its successor, as determined by the Commission.

Iowa 2002 (+) [only at pval 0.05]

  • Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC) (1992) - Federal law

  • Renewable portfolio standard (1983) a.k.a Alternative Energy Law (AEL) in DSIRE Alternate Energy Revolving Loan Program (1996)

  • “In 2001, the Iowa lawmakers passed the state’s advanced ratemaking principles, which allowed utilities to own wind turbines, with shared benefits between customers and utilities, and kick-started heavy investment in wind production in the years that followed.” (from https://www.thegazette.com/news/iowas-status-as-a-renewable-energy-leader-how-we-got-here-and-whats-next/)

Nevada 2012 (-)

  • Large Scale Renewable Energy Property Tax Abatement (Nevada State Office of Energy) (2009)

  • Portfolio Energy Credits (2006)

  • Renewable Energy Sales and Use Tax Abatement (2009)

Oregon 2004 (-)

  • Energy Trust of Oregon (1999) creation and started operations in 2002 (SB 1149 LEGISLATION)

Rhode Island 2004 (-)

  • Renewable Energy Standards (2004) –> Requirement: 14.5% by 2019, with increases of 1.5% each year until 38.5% by 2035. Applicable Sectors: Investor-owned utility, retail supplier.

  • Rhode Island Renewable Energy Fund (RIREF) (1997) –> CommerceRI’s Renewable Energy Fund (REF) is supported by a surcharge on electric and gas customers’ bills. Initially, the surcharge was was set at 0.0023 per kilowatt-hour (2.3 mills per kWh) and applied only to electric utilities. That funding supported both renewables and DSM programs. The law was amended in 2002 by establishing separate surcharges for renewables and DSM. The adjusted surcharge for renewables – set at 0.0003 (0.3 mills) per kWh – and the adjusted surcharge for DSM programs – set at $0.002 (2.0 mills) per kWh – was initially scheduled to remain in effect for 10 years, beginning January 1, 2003. The annual budget for the renewables fund during this 10-year period was approximately 2.4 million. Beginning January 1, 2007, Rhode Island’s gas-distribution utilities were required to include a surcharge of up to $0.15 per decatherm delivered. Legislation enacted in May 2011 (H.B. 5281) removed the specific surcharge amounts for electric and gas DSM programs. The bill also extended the duration of the overall fund to January 1, 2018.

South Carolina 2008 (+) [2002 (-) at pval = 0.05]

  • Santee Cooper green power program (2001) –> Santee Cooper’s Green Power Program was launched in September of 2001. The Green Power Program is Green-e accredited. 19 of the state’s 20 electric cooperatives participate. The resources are >99% landfill gas (methane) and<1% solar. Santee Cooper owns all renewable generation, currently 3 landfills and 1 solar demonstration project for a total of 14.2 megawatts.

  • Conserfund started 2000 and Conserfundplus in 2009 (ended in 2020) (https://energy.sc.gov/files/view/Conserfund%20Program%20Overview_LM_05.29.2020_0.pdf) 40$ million total fund

  • Interconnection guidelines adoption 2006: The South Carolina Public Service Commission (PSC) adopted simplified interconnection guidelines for small distributed generation (DG) in December 2006. South Carolina’s interconnection guidelines apply to Progress Energy,Duke Energy, and South Carolina Electric and Gas. These guidelines address interconnection of renewable- energy systems and other forms of DG in three levels - 1. Fast Track interconnection for a certified inverter based generating unit up to 20 kW 2. Fast Track for interconnection for systems larger than 20 kW up to 2 MW 3. For larger interconnection systems greater than 2 MW requiring interconnection study.

  • 2007 state building energy standards

  • Renewable Energy Grant Program (2007) + Renewable Energy Revolving Loan Program (2007) provides grants to private and public entities located in South Carolina to assist those involved in renewable energy-related research and projects to become more competitive in obtaining federal and other grants. Matching grants up to $200,000 are available for demonstration projects that validate the effectiveness of new and future biomass technologies and products, provided that the grant does not exceed 50% of the total cost of the demonstration project. The South Carolina Department of Agriculture administers the grant program, in cooperation with the South Carolina Institute of Energy Studies and the South Carolina Research Authority. Disbursement of these funds must be approved by the South Carolina Renewable Energy Oversight Committee. Grants are also available for project planning and research and development projects.

Interesting/relevant federal policies

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) (2009)

Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC) (1992) The federal renewable electricity production tax credit (PTC) is an inflation-adjusted per-kilowatt-hour (kWh) tax credit for electricity generated by qualified energy resources and sold by the taxpayer to an unrelated person during the taxable year. The duration of the credit is 10 years after the date the facility is placed in service. Interesting –> this PTC was set to expire in 1999, but it was extended 12 times.